Petrophysical rock typing in unconventional shale plays: The Niobrara Formation case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. SJ7-SJ22
Author(s):  
Asm Kamruzzaman ◽  
Manika Prasad ◽  
Stephen Sonnenberg
Keyword(s):  
Source Rock ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hydrocarbon Exploration ◽  
Reservoir Rock ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Niobrara Formation ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Rock Quality

Production from organic-rich shale petroleum systems is extremely challenging due to the complex rock and flow characteristics. An accurate characterization of shale reservoir rock properties would positively impact hydrocarbon exploration and production planning. We integrate large-scale geologic components with small-scale petrophysical rock properties to categorize distinct rock types in low-porosity and low-permeability shales. We then use this workflow to distinguish three rock types in the reservoir interval of the Niobrara Shale in the Denver Basin of the United States: the Upper Chalks (A, B, and C Chalk), the Marls (A, B, and C Marl), and the Lower Chalks (D Chalk and Fort Hays Limestone). In our study area, we find that the Upper Chalk has better reservoir-rock quality, moderate source-rock potential, stiffer rocks, and a higher fraction of compliant micro- and nanopores. On the other hand, the Marls have moderate reservoir-rock quality and a higher source-rock potential. The Upper Chalks and the Marls should have major economic potential. The Lower Chalk has higher porosity and a higher fraction of micro- and nanopores; however, it exhibits poor source-rock potential. The measured core data indicate large mineralogy, organic richness, and porosity heterogeneities throughout the Niobrara interval at all scales.

scholarly journals Air versus water chilling of chicken: a pilot study of quality, shelf-life, microbial ecology, and economics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aeriel D Belk ◽  
Toni Duarte ◽  
Casey Quinn ◽  
David A. Coil ◽  
Keith E. Belk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Meat Industry

Abstract Background. The United States’ large-scale poultry meat industry is energy and water intensive, and opportunities may exist to improve sustainability during the broiler chilling process. After harvest, the internal temperature of the chicken is rapidly cooled to inhibit bacterial growth that would otherwise compromise the safety of the product. This step is accomplished most commonly by water immersion chilling in the United States, while air chilling methods dominate other global markets. A comprehensive understanding of the differences between these chilling methods is lacking. Therefore, we assessed the meat quality, shelf-life, microbial ecology, and technoeconomic impacts of chilling methods on chicken broilers in a university meat laboratory setting. Results. We discovered that air-chilling (AC) methods resulted in superior chicken odor and shelf-life, especially prior to 14 days of dark storage. Moreover, we demonstrated that AC resulted in a more diverse microbiome that we hypothesize may delay the dominance of the spoilage organism Pseudomonas. Finally, a technoeconomic analysis highlighted potential economic advantages to AC when compared to water-chilling (WC) in facility locations where water costs are a more significant factor than energy costs. Conclusions. In this pilot study, AC chilling methods resulted in a superior product compared to WC methods and may have economic advantages in regions of the U.S. where water is expensive. As a next step, a similar experiment should be done in an industrial setting to confirm these results generated in a small-scale university lab facility.

scholarly journals Small-scale diagenetic facies heterogeneity controls porosity and permeability pattern in reservoir sandstones

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Heidsiek ◽  
Christoph Butscher ◽  
Philipp Blum ◽  
Cornelius Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Reservoir Rock ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Reservoir Quality ◽  
Permian Basin ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Spatial Fluctuations ◽  
Porosity And Permeability ◽  
Reservoir Sandstones ◽  
Diagenetic Facies

Abstract The fluvial-aeolian Upper Rotliegend sandstones from the Bebertal outcrop (Flechtingen High, Germany) are the famous reservoir analog for the deeply buried Upper Rotliegend gas reservoirs of the Southern Permian Basin. While most diagenetic and reservoir quality investigations are conducted on a meter scale, there is an emerging consensus that significant reservoir heterogeneity is inherited from diagenetic complexity at smaller scales. In this study, we utilize information about diagenetic products and processes at the pore- and plug-scale and analyze their impact on the heterogeneity of porosity, permeability, and cement patterns. Eodiagenetic poikilitic calcite cements, illite/iron oxide grain coatings, and the amount of infiltrated clay are responsible for mm- to cm-scale reservoir heterogeneities in the Parchim formation of the Upper Rotliegend sandstones. Using the Petrel E&P software platform, spatial fluctuations and spatial variations of permeability, porosity, and calcite cements are modeled and compared, offering opportunities for predicting small-scale reservoir rock properties based on diagenetic constraints.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Nutrient Content of Eggs from Commercial and Village Chickens in Rural Malawi (P03-009-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rochelle Werner ◽  
Bess Caswell ◽  
Kenneth Maleta ◽  
Christine Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Village

Abstract Objectives To characterize the nutritional composition of chicken eggs from a large-scale commercial producer and a small-scale household producer in rural Malawi. Methods A convenience sample of 28 large commercial and 32 village eggs from Malawi were hardboiled and measured for the weight in grams of the whole egg, peeled egg, egg white, and egg yolk. A separate convenience sample of 11 commercial and 17 village eggs were selected for nutrient analysis. Eggs were hardboiled for 4 minutes, refrigerated, and shipped to a nutrient analysis lab in the United States. Eggs from each source were pooled and analyzed for macronutrients, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Analytes were reported per 100 g sample and converted to nutrients per egg using the mean peeled egg weight. Results The mean weight in grams of whole commercial eggs (59.4 ± 5.3) was 19 g greater than whole village eggs (40.4 ± 3.0). Commercial eggs had a 15 g greater mass of egg whites (37.0 ± 4.2) than village eggs (21.8 ± 2.5), but the mass of egg yolks only differed by one gram (commercial: 15.3 ± 1.0 and village: 14.1 ± 1.4). Per 100 g sample, commercial and village eggs had similar calories (143 kcals vs. 162kcals), protein (12.5 g vs. 12.5 g), water-soluble vitamins (1.61 µg vs. 1.92 µg Vitamin B-12; 63.5 µg vs. 59.9 µg folate, DFE) and minerals (1.7 mg vs. 2.1 mg iron; 21 µg vs. 24 µg selenium; 1.1 mg vs. 1.4 mg zinc). For fat-soluble nutrients, the 100 g sample of commercial eggs had a higher concentration of Vitamin A than the village eggs (150 µg vs. 102 µg RAE) but lower concentrations of Vitamin D3, α-tocopherol, and choline than the village eggs (0.8 µg vs. 2.9 µg Vitamin D3; 2.25 mg vs. 4.08 mg α-tocopherol; and 238 mg vs. 314 mg choline). However, when compared on a per egg basis, the fat-soluble nutrient content of the whole eggs was similar due to the smaller size of the village eggs. Conclusions On a per egg basis, eggs from small-scale households may deliver comparable amounts of fat-soluble nutrients but fewer calories, protein, and minerals compared to eggs from commercial producers; however, on a per 100 g basis, village eggs were a more nutrient-dense option. Funding Sources The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, BLUM Center of UC Davis.

Use of Chemical and Nonchemical Methods for the Control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and Associated Winter Colony Losses in U.S. Beekeeping Operations

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1509-1525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariela I Haber ◽  
Nathalie A Steinhauer ◽  
Dennis vanEngelsdorp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Varroa Destructor ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Colony Losses ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Winter Losses ◽  
Varroa Control

Abstract The parasitic mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) is a major cause of overwintering honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony losses in the United States, suggesting that beekeepers must control Varroa populations to maintain viable colonies. Beekeepers have access to several chemical varroacides and nonchemical practices to control Varroa populations. However, no studies have examined large-scale patterns in Varroa control methods in the United States. Here we used responses from 4 yr of annual surveys of beekeepers representing all regions and operation sizes across the United States to investigate use of Varroa control methods and winter colony losses associated with use of different methods. We focused on seven varroacide products (amitraz, coumaphos, fluvalinate, hop oil, oxalic acid, formic acid, and thymol) and six nonchemical practices (drone brood removal, small-cell comb, screened bottom boards, powdered sugar, mite-resistant bees, and splitting colonies) suggested to aid in Varroa control. We found that nearly all large-scale beekeepers used at least one varroacide, whereas small-scale beekeepers were more likely to use only nonchemical practices or not use any Varroa control. Use of varroacides was consistently associated with the lowest winter losses, with amitraz being associated with lower losses than any other varroacide product. Among nonchemical practices, splitting colonies was associated with the lowest winter losses, although losses associated with sole use of nonchemical practices were high overall. Our results suggest potential control methods that are effective or preferred by beekeepers and should therefore inform experiments that directly test the efficacy of different control methods. This will allow beekeepers to incorporate Varroa control methods into management plans that improve the overwintering success of their colonies.

Customary Rightholders and Legal Claimants to Land in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1870-1890

1992 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Priscilla Smith Naro
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Free Labor ◽  
Export Sector ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military

The transition from slave to free labor in the Americas involved many and varied forms of internal labor and land adjustments which affected slaves, landless farmers, and large scale producers in rural areas. Unlike Haiti and the United States South, the Brazilian process of emancipation was gradual and did not involve violent structural ruptures with the past. The Land Law of 1850, the Law of the Free Womb of 1871 and the 1885 Sexagenarian Law marked fundamental phases in an ongoing process of state participation in the organization of the free labor market, which culminated in Abolition on 13 May 1888, and the onset of the Republic on 15 November of the following year. Current analyses of the late nineteenth century emphasize continuity and define the state as its own agent, embarking on a course of conservative modernization which unfolded during the process of transition from the liberalism of a nineteenth-century empire to the interventionist Republic which was ushered in, in 1889. The planter class, joined with emerging but weak Brazilian industrial and financial sectors and upheld by the military, contributed to an Estado Oligárquico, in Marcelo Carmagnani's terminology, linked by coffee production into the world economy as a flourishing dependent peripheral economy. But the process, which until recently was associated with the coffee export sector and its relation to urbanization and industrialization, has now taken on broader dimensions. A developed domestic economy, composed of a complex and sophisticated internal food supply network, operated alongside the export economy throughout the nineteenth century. Although unstudied from the political perspective of small-scale food producers who were displaced by the coffee economy, the broader issue of food provision could not be dissociated from conservative modernization, the basic issues of which would be carried forth during the course of the First Republic in the form of “Ruralismo.”

scholarly journals Mesoscale Moisture Transport by the Low-Level Jet during the IHOP Field Experiment

2008 ◽  
Vol 136 (10) ◽  
pp. 3781-3795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward I. Tollerud ◽  
Fernando Caracena ◽  
Steven E. Koch ◽  
Brian D. Jamison ◽  
R. Michael Hardesty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Moisture Transport ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Convective Scale ◽  
Low Level Jet

Previous studies of the low-level jet (LLJ) over the central Great Plains of the United States have been unable to determine the role that mesoscale and smaller circulations play in the transport of moisture. To address this issue, two aircraft missions during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) were designed to observe closely a well-developed LLJ over the Great Plains (primarily Oklahoma and Kansas) with multiple observation platforms. In addition to standard operational platforms (most important, radiosondes and profilers) to provide the large-scale setting, dropsondes released from the aircraft at 55-km intervals and a pair of onboard lidar instruments—High Resolution Doppler Lidar (HRDL) for wind and differential absorption lidar (DIAL) for moisture—observed the moisture transport in the LLJ at greater resolution. Using these observations, the authors describe the multiscalar structure of the LLJ and then focus attention on the bulk properties and effects of scales of motion by computing moisture fluxes through cross sections that bracket the LLJ. From these computations, the Reynolds averages within the cross sections can be computed. This allow an estimate to be made of the bulk effect of integrated estimates of the contribution of small-scale (mesoscale to convective scale) circulations to the overall transport. The performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model in forecasting the intensity and evolution of the LLJ for this case is briefly examined.

O'Connor's Sectoral Model of the United States Economy: Examining Some Political Consequences

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Nackenoff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
United States Economy ◽  
Growth And Change

During the past fifteen years, several economists, historians and sociologists have propounded a sectoral model of economic growth and change in the United States. According to this analysis, as large-scale, monopolistic enterprises began to emerge in the late nineteenth century, different investment considerations and labour market requirements were also evolving. A dual economy was beginning to be formed. The large-scale capital sector, and the small-scale capital sector each had its own economic environment of conduct. Each sector tended, too, to develop its own corresponding labour market, with monopoly sector or ‘core’ firms holding out certain economic advantages for employees: money, job security, benefits, and opportunities for advancement within the firm. Thus, the work experience in these two sectors increasingly diverged. Even if the large-scale capital sector did offer economic advantages, growth tended to be capital-intensive, and the growth of employment in this sector slowed down, and then stopped by the end of the Second World War. Employment shifted to trades and services, with lower wage rates, and, of course, to the public sector, which currently employs nearly a third of the American workforce.

scholarly journals Geologic characterization of nonconformities using outcrop and whole-rock core analogues: hydrologic implications for injection-induced seismicity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth S. Petrie ◽  
Kelly K. Bradbury ◽  
Laura Cuccio ◽  
Kayla Smith ◽  
James P. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crystalline Rock ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Induced Earthquakes ◽  
Injection Wells ◽  
Alteration Minerals ◽  
Reactive Fluids ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract. The occurrence of induced earthquakes in crystalline rocks kilometres from deep wastewater injection wells poses questions about the influence nonconformity contacts have on the downward and lateral transmission of pore fluid pressure and poroelastic stresses. We hypothesize that structural and mineralogical heterogeneities at the sedimentary-crystalline rock nonconformity control the degree to which fluids, fluid pressure, and associated poroelastic stresses are transmitted over long distances across and along the nonconformity boundary. We examined the spatial distribution of physical and chemical heterogeneities in outcrops and whole-rock core samples of the great nonconformity in the midcontinent of the United States, capturing a range of tectonic settings and rock properties that we use to characterize the degree of historical fluid communication and the potential for future communication. We identify three end-member nonconformity types that represent a range of properties that will influence direct fluid pressure transmission and poroelastic responses far from the injection site. These nonconformity types vary depending on whether the contact is sharp and minimally altered, or if it is dominated by phyllosilicates or secondary non-phyllosilicate mineralization. We expect the rock properties associated with the presence or absence of secondary non-phyllosilicate mineralization and phyllosilicates to either allow or inhibit fractures to cross the nonconformity, thus impacting the permeability of the nonconformity zone. Our observations provide geologic constraints for modelling fluid migration and the associated pressure communication and poroelastic effects at large-scale disposal projects by providing relevant subsurface properties and much needed data regarding common alteration minerals that may interact readily with brines or reactive fluids.

scholarly journals Characteristics and controlling factors of glutenite reservoir rock quality of retrogradational fan Delta: A case study of the Upper Wuerhe Formation of the Mahu Sag, the Junggar Basin

2021 ◽  
pp. 014459872110189
Author(s):  
Yongping Ma ◽  
Xianwen Zhang ◽  
Linjun Huang ◽  
Guodong Wang ◽  
Han Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Junggar Basin ◽  
Controlling Factors ◽  
Reservoir Rock ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Reservoir Rocks ◽  
Rock Quality ◽  
Fan Delta ◽  
System Tracts ◽  
System Tract

The glutenite reservoir rock of the fan delta facies is associated with a complex sedimentary environment and high heterogeneity, and by far the characteristics and controlling factors of the reservoir rock quality have not been well understood. By comprehensively investigating the lithofacies, petrology, physical properties and diagenesis of the Upper Wuerhe Formation of the Mahu Sag, the Junggar Basin, it is concluded that the Upper Wuerhe Formation develops three major groups of lithofacies, totally consisting of 11 sub-types, and reservoir rock properties of different lithofacies are greatly varied. This research shows that the lithofacies attributed to the tractive current and density current have well-sorted rock particles, low mud content, well-developed secondary dissolved pores, and thus high overall reservoir rock quality. On the contrary, the lithofacies based on debris flow and sheet flow, are observed with high mud content, suppressed development of intergranular and dissolved pores, and thus poor reservoir rock quality. The system tract controls the macro variation of the reservoir rock quality. The best quality is found in the highstand system tract, followed by those of the lake transgression and at last lowstand system tracts. The micro variation of the reservoir rock quality is determined by the mud content, rock particle size and dissolution. The muddy matrix mainly damages the pore connectivity, and presents the strongest correlation with permeability. The reservoir rock with concentrated particle sizes and well-sorted particles has quality better than those of reservoir rocks composed of excessively large or small particles. Dissolution effectively improves the storage capability of the reservoir rock, resulting in an average porosity increment by 4.2%.

scholarly journals Comparing different response time threshold setting methods to detect low effort on a large-scale assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Soland ◽  
Megan Kuhfeld ◽  
Joseph Rios
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Response Times ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Large Scale Assessment ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Threshold Setting ◽  
Scale Data

AbstractLow examinee effort is a major threat to valid uses of many test scores. Fortunately, several methods have been developed to detect noneffortful item responses, most of which use response times. To accurately identify noneffortful responses, one must set response time thresholds separating those responses from effortful ones. While other studies have compared the efficacy of different threshold-setting methods, they typically do so using simulated or small-scale data. When large-scale data are used in such studies, they often are not from a computer-adaptive test (CAT), use only a handful of items, or do not comprehensively examine different threshold-setting methods. In this study, we use reading test scores from over 728,923 3rd–8th-grade students in 2056 schools across the United States taking a CAT consisting of nearly 12,000 items to compare threshold-setting methods. In so doing, we help provide guidance to developers and administrators of large-scale assessments on the tradeoffs involved in using a given method to identify noneffortful responses.

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