Increased Intracerebral Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces Predict Unemployment and Negative Symptoms in Psychotic Illness a Prospective Study

1995 ◽  
Vol 166 (6) ◽  
pp. 750-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Van Os ◽  
Thomas A. Fahy ◽  
Peter Jones ◽  
Ian Harvey ◽  
Shôn Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Sylvian Fissure ◽  
Cerebral Ventricles ◽  
Psychotic Illness ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Functional Psychoses

BackgroundIt has been suggested that the dimensions of cerebral ventricles are a risk factor for poor outcome in psychotic illness.MethodA cohort of 140 patients with functional psychoses of recent onset who had undergone CT scanning, were followed up for an average of 46 months and assessed on six dimensions of course and outcome of illness.ResultsLeft and right sylvian fissure volumes and, to a lesser extent, third ventricular volume predicted negative symptoms and unemployment over the course of follow-up, the latter association being mediated by poor cognitive functioning. There was a significant linear trend in risk over the distribution of sylvian fissure volumes in the cohort, and associations were especially evident in schizophrenic patients. No associations were found with global severity of illness, duration of hospital stay, homelessness, or affective symptoms.ConclusionsThese findings support the notion that dimensions of the cerebral ventricles are a continuous risk factor for some measures of outcome in the functional psychoses.

scholarly journals Predictors of costs from the hospital perspective of primary pulmonary embolism

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Motte ◽  
Christian Mélot ◽  
Lionel Di Pierdomenico ◽  
Dimitri Martins ◽  
Pol Leclercq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Total Hospital Cost ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Hospital Perspective ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Cost Components

The objective of this study was to estimate the total hospital cost per patient admitted through the emergency department with a primary diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE), and to identify the main components and predictors of costs.Actual costs of care of 652 consecutive patients hospitalised in 10 general hospitals in Belgium, including 31 outlier patients in terms of length of stay (4.8%), were obtained by aggregating all cost components contributing to care of each patient.In both inlier and outlier patients, the mean total cost per patient increased linearly with the degree of severity of illness classes related to the All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Group (p<0.0001). Medical procedures, nursing activities and hospitalisation accommodation were the main cost components. We identified six independent predictors of costs in inliers: age group, chronic pulmonary heart disease, heart failure, admission to intensive care unit, initial thrombolysis treatment and type of hospital. There was a statistically significant linear trend between age groups and costs (p<0.0001).An increasing burden of comorbid illness was strongly associated with increasing actual cost for caring hospitalised patients for PE. Increasing age was associated with an increase in all main cost components.

scholarly journals Thirty-Nine-Year Wave Hindcast, Storm Activity, and Probability Analysis of Storm Waves in the Kara Sea, Russia

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 648
Author(s):  
Stanislav Myslenkov ◽  
Vladimir Platonov ◽  
Alexander Kislov ◽  
Ksenia Silvestrova ◽  
Igor Medvedev
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pareto Distribution ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Kara Sea ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Storm Activity ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
The Impact

The recurrence of extreme wind waves in the Kara Sea strongly influences the Arctic climate change. The period 2000–2010 is characterized by significant climate warming, a reduction of the sea ice in the Arctic. The main motivation of this research to assess the impact of climate change on storm activity over the past 39 years in the Kara Sea. The paper presents the analysis of wave climate and storm activity in the Kara Sea based on the results of numerical modeling. A wave model WAVEWATCH III is used to reconstruct wind wave fields for the period from 1979 to 2017. The maximum significant wave height (SWH) for the whole period amounts to 9.9 m. The average long-term SWH for the ice-free period does not exceed 1.3 m. A significant linear trend shows an increase in the storm wave frequency for the period from 1979 to 2017. It is shown that trends in the storm activity of the Kara Sea are primarily regulated by the ice. Analysis of the extreme storm events showed that the Pareto distribution is in the best agreement with the data. However, the extreme events with an SWH more than 6‒7 m deviate from the Pareto distribution.

Cylindrocarpon and Fusarium root colonization of Douglas-fir seedlings from British Columbia reforestation sites

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1198-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige E Axelrood ◽  
William K Chapman ◽  
Keith A Seifert ◽  
David B Trotter ◽  
Gwen Shrimpton
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Conifer Seedlings ◽  
Cylindrocarpon Destructans

Poor performance of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantations established in 1987 has occurred in southwestern British Columbia. Affected sites were planted with 1-year-old container stock that exhibited some root dieback in the nursery. A study was initiated in 1991 to assess Cylindrocarpon and Fusarium root infection in planted and naturally regenerating (natural) Douglas-fir seedlings from seven affected plantations. Percentages of seedlings harboring Cylindrocarpon spp.and percent root colonization were significantly greater for planted seedlings compared with natural seedlings. A significant linear trend in Cylindrocarpon root colonization was observed for planted seedlings with colonization levels being highest for roots closest to the remnants of the root plug and decreasing at distances greater than 10cm from that region. This trend in Cylindrocarpon colonization was not observed for natural seedlings. Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zins.) Scholten var. destructans and C.cylindroides Wollenw. var. cylindroides were the only species isolated from planted and natural conifer seedlings. For most sites, percentage of seedlings harboring Fusarium spp.and percent Fusarium root colonization were less than for Cylindrocarpon. Recovery of Fusarium spp.from seedlings and root colonization levels were not significantly different for planted and natural seedlings from all sites.

Learning as a Function of Subliminal Reinforcements

1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-398
Author(s):  
Austin Jones ◽  
Melvin Manis ◽  
Bernard Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Probability Learning ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Stimulus Category ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Tachistoscopic Presentation ◽  
Stimulus Classes ◽  
Learning Trials ◽  
Correct Discrimination

Three studies were conducted to assess the effects of subliminal reinforcements on learning. In the first two, Ss were given a discrimination task in which five geometric forms, repeated over 100 trials, were to be assigned to one of two categories. The categories were unbalanced; four geometric forms comprised one category, the remaining form the other. Response was required on each trial. Immediately after each response, the appropriate reinforcing word, “Right” or “Wrong,” was flashed at a subliminal brightness-contrast In Exp. I, under low motivation (without money incentives), Ss showed no learning of the correct discrimination, nor any evidence of probability learning with respect to relative frequency of stimulus categories. In Exp. II, the above procedure was replicated with money as the incentive. There again was no evidence of discrimination learning, i.e., acquisition of the correct response. There was, however, a significant linear trend ( p < .05) in the proportion of responses made to the more frequent stimulus category; Ss showed an increasing tendency to “match” the relative frequency of their two classes of response with the corresponding two stimulus classes. In Exp. III, Ss who were motivated by a money incentive attempted to guess whether E was thinking of an odd or an even number. Following each response, Ss were reinforced by tachistoscopic presentation of the word “Right” or “Wrong,” at time intervals which were too brief to permit recognition; half of the Ss were positively reinforced for emitting the response “Odd,” and half for the response “Even.” After 100 learning trials had been completed, the reinforcement contingencies were switched for an additional 20 trials, e.g., Ss who had been reinforced for “Odd” were now reinforced for “Even.” Ss in Exp. III showed no evidence of probability learning. Some possible explanations for the conflicting results of Exps. II and III were discussed.

Abstract 469: Residential Lifestyle Interventions Reduce Blood Pressure in 18 Days

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco E Ramirez ◽  
Jill Siebold ◽  
Linda Ivy ◽  
Kathelyn Antuna ◽  
Albert Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Lifestyle Interventions ◽  
Blood Pressure Medication ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc

Background: Tight control of blood pressure can have long term positive effects, non-pharmacological interventions to achieve it are documented in this study. Hypothesis: Vegan diets together with other lifestyle changes can safely decrease blood pressure. Methods: Twelve years of data was used, 1196 patients participated in a lifestyle program in Weimar California. The intervention consisted in whole food plant based diet (WFPD), exercise, sleep hygiene, medical, psychological and spiritual therapies. Treatments of massage and hydrotherapy were also given. A physician monitored the progress of each patient during the 18 days. Blood pressure was measured at baseline, at the end of the first week (time 1) and at the end of the second week (time 2) and at the end of 18 days. Some patients need it to decrease their blood pressure medication during the 18 days. Data was process with SPSS statistics package. Results: From 1196 patients, 764 of them were females. Mean age at baseline was 60.7 SD 15. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were reduced throughout treatment. For systolic on average (in mm HG) at baseline: 132.21, at time 1: 125.3, at rime 2: 121.96, at the end : 121.4. For diastolic on average (in mm HG) at baseline: 76.1, time 1: 72.2, time 2: 70.86, at the end : 69.9. A repeated measures ANOVA determined that mean systolic blood pressure differed significantly between time points (F(3,3585) = 69.008, P < .001). Post hoc polynomial contrasts revealed a significant linear trend in the data from start to end (F(1,1195 = 206.474. p<.001, partial η 2 = .14)). A similar pattern was found for diastolic blood pressure. The overall ANOVA found a significant difference in time points (F(3,3585) = 34.738, P < .001). Post hoc polynomial contrasts also showed a significant linear trend (F(1,1195 = 109.031. p<.001, partial η 2 = .08). Participants lost 4.8 pounds on average by the end of the program. Conclusion: WFPD together with lifestyle interventions are associated with a significant reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Many patients reduced their blood pressure medication. Lifestyle interventions options should be offered to patients with hypertension.

Tardive Dyskinesia and Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (6) ◽  
pp. 702-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Yuen ◽  
Michael P. Caligiuri ◽  
Richard Williams ◽  
Ruth A. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Tardive Dyskinesia ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Measures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive And Negative Symptoms

BackgroundControversy surrounds the relationship between tardive dyskinesia (TD) and symptoms of schizophrenia. While some studies reported that negative symptoms of schizophrenia may be a risk factor for TD, others reported a relationship between TD and positive symptoms.MethodEighty-four patients were studied, of whom 47 met criteria for TD. Clinical and instrumental procedures were used to increase the sensitivity of our assessments of the presence and severity of TD. Stepwise logistic and linear regression procedures were used to identify demographic variables, psychopathology, and motor parameters associated with the presence and severity of TD.ResultsA 3-factor model consisting of age, clinical tremor, and negative symptoms explained 25% of the variance in clinical TD severity. A 6-factor model consisting of female gender, instrumental and clinical measures of parkinsonism, positive, and negative symptoms explained 49% of the variance in severity of instrumentally derived dyskinesia.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the presence of TD may be associated with positive symptoms; that the severity of TD may be related to negative symptoms; and that the relationship between negative symptoms and TD severity may be influenced by the presence of parkinsonism.

scholarly journals Flyway-Scale Variation in Plasma Triglyceride Levels as an Index of Refueling Rate in Spring-Migrating Western Sandpipers (Calidris Mauri)

The Auk ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 886-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony D. Williams ◽  
Nils Warnock ◽  
John Y. Takekawa ◽  
Mary Anne Bishop
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Plasma Triglyceride ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Calidris Mauri ◽  
Stopover Sites ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Western Sandpipers

Abstract We combined radiotelemetry, plasma metabolite analyses, and macro-invertebrate prey sampling to investigate variation in putative fattening rates (estimated as plasma triglyceride levels) at the flyway scale in Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) migrating between Punta Banda, Mexico (31°N), and Hartney Bay, Alaska (60°N), a distance of 4,240 km. Birds were caught at a wintering site (San Francisco Bay) and eight stopover sites along this Pacific Flyway. Body mass was higher in females than in males at six sites, but variation was not correlated with latitude for either sex, and the relationship of change in mass by date within sites was uninformative with regard to possible latitudinal variation in fattening rates. At San Francisco Bay, triglyceride levels were higher in the spring than in the winter. Mean plasma triglyceride varied among stopover sites, and there was a significant linear trend of increasing triglyceride levels with latitude as birds migrated north. At San Francisco Bay, length of stay was negatively related to triglyceride levels. However, plasma triglyceride levels at wintering or initial stopover sites (San Francisco and Punta Banda) did not predict individual variation in subsequent rates of travel during migration. We found no significant relationship between triglyceride levels and prey biomass at different stopover sites, which suggests that the latitudinal pattern is not explained by latitudinal changes in food availability. Rather, we suggest that differences in physiology of migratory birds at southern versus northern stopover sites or behavioral differences may allow birds to sustain higher fattening rates closer to the breeding grounds. Variación a la Escala de Corredores de Vuelo en los Niveles de Triglicéridos Plasmáticos como un Índice de la Tasa de Reabastecimiento durante la Migración de Primavera en Calidris mauri

Temporal relationship between onset of positive and negative symptoms in the course of attenuated psychotic illness

2020 ◽  
Vol 293 ◽  
pp. 113439
Author(s):  
Gabriella Dishy ◽  
Leda Kennedy ◽  
Brooke Lundgren ◽  
Qing Xu ◽  
Michael D. Masucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
Psychotic Illness ◽  
Positive And Negative Symptoms

Population dynamics of the 2 major mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in experimental populations of Drosophila subobscura

Genome ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1010-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Oliver ◽  
Joan Balanyà ◽  
Maria Misericòrdia Ramon ◽  
Antònia Picornell ◽  
Lluis Serra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Drosophila Subobscura ◽  
Random Drift ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Mitochondrial Haplotypes ◽  
Experimental Populations

The evolution of Drosophila subobscura mitochondrial DNA has been studied in experimental populations, founded with flies from a natural population from Calvià (Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain). This population, like others founded in Europe, is characterized by the presence of 2 very common (>95%) mitochondrial haplotypes (named I and II) and rare and endemic haplotypes that appear at very low frequencies. Four experimental populations were established with flies having a heterogeneous nuclear genetic background, which was representative of the composition of the natural population. The populations were started with haplotypes I and II at an initial frequency of 50% each. After 33 generations, the 2 haplotypes coexisted. Random drift could be rejected as the only force responsible for the observed changes in haplotype frequencies. A slight but significant linear trend favouring a mtDNA (haploid) fitness effect has been detected, with a nonlinear deviation that could be due to a nuclear component. An analysis of chromosomal arrangements was made before the foundations of the cages and at generation 23. Our results indicated that the hypothesis that the maintenance of the frequencies of haplotypes I and II in natural populations could be due to their association with chromosomal arrangements remains controversial.Key words: natural selection, random drift, cytonuclear interactions, chromosomal arrangements, mtDNA haplotypes, Drosophila subobscura.

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