Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of mental disorders in the Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oye Gureje ◽  
Victor O. Lasebikan ◽  
Lola Kola ◽  
Victor A. Makanjuola
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress

BackgroundLarge-scale community studies of the prevalence of mental disorders using standardised assessment tools are rare in sub-Saharan Africa.AimsTo conduct such a study.MethodMultistage stratified clustered sampling of households in the Yoruba-speaking parts of Nigeria. Face-to-face interviews used the World Mental Health version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI).ResultsOf the 4984 people interviewed (response rate 79.9%), 12.1% had a lifetime rate of at least one DSM–IV disorder and 5.8% had 12-month disorders. Anxiety disorders were the most common (5.7% lifetime, 4.1% 12-month rates) but virtually no generalised anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder were identified. Of the 23% who had seriously disabling disorders, only about 8% had received treatment in the preceding 12 months. Treatment was mostly provided by general medical practitioners; only a few were treated by alternative practitioners such as traditional healers.ConclusionsThe observed low rates seem to reflect demographic and ascertainment factors. There was a large burden of unmet need for care among people with serious disorders.

The structure of common DSM-IV and ICD-10 mental disorders in the Australian general population

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1593-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIM SLADE ◽  
DAVID WATSON
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Dsm Iv

Background. Patterns of co-occurrence among the common mental disorders may provide information about underlying dimensions of psychopathology. The aim of the current study was to determine which of four models best fits the pattern of co-occurrence between 10 common DSM-IV and 11 common ICD-10 mental disorders.Method. Data were from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being (NSMHWB), a large-scale community epidemiological survey of mental disorders. Participants consisted of a random population-based sample of 10641 community volunteers, representing a response rate of 78%. DSM-IV and ICD-10 mental disorder diagnoses were obtained using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), version 2.0. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess the relative fit of competing models.Results. A hierarchical three-factor variation of a two-factor model demonstrated the best fit to the correlations among the mental disorders. This model included a distress factor with high loadings on major depression, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and neurasthenia (ICD-10 only); a fear factor with high loadings on social phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD); and an externalizing factor with high loadings on alcohol and drug dependence. The distress and fear factors were best conceptualized as subfactors of a higher order internalizing factor.Conclusions. A greater focus on underlying dimensions of distress, fear and externalization is warranted.

Mental Health and Well-Being during COVID-19 in the developing world: A Review of Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-332
Author(s):  
Nabat Arfi ◽  
Farzana Alim ◽  
Shalini Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Mental Health Systems ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Emotional Illness ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Set Up

In view of the latest COVID-19 pandemic's unprecedented major global health crisis, it is extremely vital to consider the mental effect of this rising and formidable threat on the life of humanity, which has significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Previous research indicates that people affected by COVID-19 can have a high burden of issues with mental health, including depression, anxiety disorders, stress, sleep disorders, emotional illness, signs of post-traumatic stress, and suicidal behavior. In the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, as the outbreak entails a large-scale change in behavior and further, creates major psychological burdens on individuals, there is a growing concern to resolve the mental health issues of the general population. This review article attempts to highlight different mental health challenges faced during COVID-19 by multiple individuals. In certain settings, virtual mental health systems should be set up, and social media should be used to provide education and networking tools for mental health. Psychopathological issues in various communities should be emphasized in future epidemiological research

Economic analysis of mental health services

2012 ◽  
pp. 1473-1480
Author(s):  
Martin Knapp ◽  
Dan Chisholm
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Priority Setting ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Societal Needs ◽  
Distribution Of Resources

Economics is concerned with the use and distribution of resources within a society, and how different ways of allocating resources impact on the well-being of individuals. Economics enters the health sphere because resources available to meet societal needs or demands are finite, meaning that choices have to be made regarding how best to allocate them (typically to generate the greatest possible level of population health). Economics provides an explicit framework for thinking through ways of allocating resources. Resource allocation decisions in mental health are complicated by the fact that disorders are common, debilitating, and often long-lasting. Epidemiological research has demonstrated the considerable burden that mental disorders impose because of their prevalence, chronicity, and severity: globally, more than 10 per cent of lost years of healthy life and over 30 per cent of all years lived with disability are attributable to mental disorders. Low rates of recognition and effective treatment compound the problem, particularly in poor countries. However, disease burden is not in itself sufficient as a justification or mechanism for resource allocation or priority-setting. A disorder can place considerable burden on a population but if appropriate strategies to reduce this burden are absent or extremely expensive in relation to the health gains achieved, large-scale investment would be considered misplaced. The reason is that scarce resources could be more efficiently channelled to other burdensome conditions for which cost-effective responses were available. For priority-setting and resource allocation, it is necessary to ask what amount of burden from a disorder can be avoided by using evidence-based interventions, and at what relative cost of implementation in the target population. Cost and cost-effectiveness considerations enter into health care reform processes, priority-setting exercises within and across health programmes, and regulatory decisions concerning drug approval or pricing. Two broad levels of economic analysis can be distinguished: macro and micro.

scholarly journals The Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being

2000 ◽  
Vol 177 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailsa Korten ◽  
Scott Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Australian Population ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
Health And Well Being

BackgroundThe mental health of populations can be represented by case prevalence rates and by symptom scales. Scales have the advantage of identifying sub-syndromal levels of distress, which may be common and associated with considerable disability.AimsTo examine the distribution of common psychological symptoms and associated disablement in the Australian population.MethodA household sample of 10 641 individuals representative of the adult population of Australia was interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and completed scales measuring recent symptoms and disablement.ResultsSymptom scales showed similar associations with socio-economic variables as did diagnoses, although only a small amount of variance in symptom levels was explained by these variables. Considerable disablement was associated with symptom levels indicating distress but not reaching levels for formal diagnoses of anxiety or depression.ConclusionsSymptom scales provide parsimonious measures of psychological distress and are appropriate for use in large-scale surveys of mental health and disablement.

The profile and risks of suicidal behaviours in the Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 821-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
OYE GUREJE ◽  
LOLA KOLA ◽  
RICHARD UWAKWE ◽  
OWOIDOHO UDOFIA ◽  
ABBA WAKIL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
First Year ◽  
Childhood Adversities ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
History Of

Background. Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide but information about it is sparse in Sub-Saharan Africa. Suicide-related behaviours can provide an insight into the extent of this compelling consequence of mental illness.Method. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a representative sample of persons aged 18 years and over (n=6752) in 21 of Nigeria's 36 states (representing about 57% of the national population). Suicide-related outcomes, mental disorders, as well as history of childhood adversities were assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).Results. Lifetime prevalence estimates of suicide ideation, plan and attempts were 3·2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·4–6·5], 1·0% (95% CI 0·4–7·5) and 0·7% (95% CI 0·5–1·0) respectively. Almost two of every three ideators who made a plan went on to make an attempt. The highest risks for transition from ideation to plan and from plan to attempt were in the first year of having ideation or plan respectively. Mental disorders, especially mood disorders, were significant correlates of suicide-related outcomes. Childhood adversities of long separation from biological parents, being raised in a household with much conflict, being physically abused, or being brought up by a woman who had suffered from depression, anxiety disorder, or who had attempted suicide were risk factors for lifetime suicide attempt.Conclusions. History of childhood adversities and of lifetime mental disorders identify persons at high-risk for suicide-related outcomes. Preventive measures are best delivered within the first year of suicide ideation being expressed.

Lifetime prevalence of mental health disorders and delay in treatment following initial onset: evidence from the Northern Ireland Study of Health and Stress

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1727-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Bunting ◽  
S. D. Murphy ◽  
S. M. O'Neill ◽  
F. R. Ferry
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Lifetime Prevalence ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Delay In Treatment

BackgroundThe current study provides the first epidemiological estimates of lifetime mental disorders across NI based on DSM-IV criteria. Risk factors, delays in treatment and the experience of conflict are also examined.MethodNationally representative face-to-face household survey of 4340 individuals aged ⩾18 years in NI using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Analyses were implemented using SAS and STATA software.ResultsLifetime prevalence of any disorder was 39.1% while projected lifetime risk was 48.6%. Individuals who experienced conflict were more likely to have had an anxiety, mood or impulse-control disorder. Treatment delays were substantial for anxiety and substance disorders.ConclusionsResults from this study show that mental disorders are highly prevalent in Northern Ireland. The elevated rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in relation to other countries and the association of living ‘in a region of terror’ disorders suggests that civil conflict has had an additional impact on mental health. Given substantial delays in treatment, further research is required to investigate the factors associated with failure and delay in treatment seeking.

The WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys

2009 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Aguilar-Gaxiola ◽  
J. Alonso ◽  
S. Chatterji ◽  
S. Lee ◽  
T. B. Üstün ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Policy ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
World Mental Health ◽  
Prevalence Estimates

SummaryThe paper presents an overview of the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative and summarizes recent WMH results regarding the prevalence and societal costs of mental disorders. The WMH surveys are representative community surveys that were carried out in 28 countries throughout the world aimed at providing information to mental health policy makers about the prevalence, burden, and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders. Results show that mental disorders are commonly occurring in all participating countries. The inter-quartile range (IQR: 25th-75th percentiles) of lifetime DSM-IV disorder prevalence estimates (combining anxiety, mood, disruptive behavior, and substance disorders) is 18.1-36.1%. The IQR of 12-month prevalence estimates is 9.8-19.1%. Analysis of age-of-onset reports shows that many mental disorders begin in childhood-adolescence and have significant adverse effects on subsequent role transitions. Adult mental disorders are found in the WMH data to be associated with high levels of role impairment. Despite this burden, the majority of mental disorders go untreated. Although these results suggest that expansion of treatment could be cost-effective from both the employer perspective and the societal perspective, treatment effectiveness trials are needed to confirm this suspicion. The WMH results regarding impairments are being used to target several such interventions.

A descriptive study of the prevalence of psychological distress and mental disorders in the Canadian population: comparison between low-income and non-low-income populations

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Caron ◽  
A. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
High Psychological Distress

Objective This descriptive study compares rates of high psychological distress and mental disorders between low-income and non-low-income populations in Canada. Methods Data were collected through the Canadian Community Health Survey – Mental Health and Well-being (CCHS 1.2), which surveyed 36 984 Canadians aged 15 or over; 17.9% (n = 6620) was classified within the low-income population using the Low Income Measure. The K-10 was used to measure psychological distress and the CIDI for assessing mental disorders. Results One out of 5 Canadians reported high psychological distress, and 1 out of 10 reported at least one of the five mental disorders surveyed or substance abuse. Women, single, separated or divorced respondents, non-immigrants and Aboriginal Canadians were more likely to report suffering from psychological distress or from mental disorders and substance abuse. Rates of reported psychological distress and of mental disorders and substance abuse were much higher in low-income populations, and these differences were statistically consistent in most of the sociodemographic strata. Conclusion This study helps determine the vulnerable groups in mental health for which prevention and promotion programs could be designed.

scholarly journals Tourist Mental Health Drives Destination Choice, Marketing, and Matching

2021 ◽  
pp. 004728752110115
Author(s):  
Mary-Ann Cooper ◽  
Ralf Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Destination Choice ◽  
Destination Marketing ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Nature Tourism ◽  
Tourism Destinations ◽  
Tourism Enterprises ◽  
Health And Well Being

Leisure tourism, including destination choice, can be viewed as an investment in mental health maintenance. Destination marketing measures can thus be analyzed as mental health investment prospectuses, aiming to match tourist desires. A mental health framework is particularly relevant for parks and nature tourism destinations, since the benefits of nature for mental health are strongly established. We test it for one globally iconic destination, using a large-scale qualitative approach, both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourists’ perceptions and choices contain strong mental health and well-being components, derived largely from autonomous information sources, and differing depending on origins. Parks agencies emphasize factual cognitive aspects, but tourism enterprises and destination marketing organizations use affective approaches appealing to tourists’ mental health.

scholarly journals Mental health and resilience among Eritrean refugees at arrival and one-year post-registration in Switzerland: a cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afona Chernet ◽  
Nicole Probst-Hensch ◽  
Véronique Sydow ◽  
Daniel H. Paris ◽  
Niklaus D. Labhardt
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Hazardous Alcohol Use ◽  
Hazardous Alcohol ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Abstract Objective Eritrea is the most frequent country of origin among asylum seekers in Switzerland. On their journey through the desert and across the Mediterranean Sea, Eritrea refugees are often exposed to traumatizing experiences. The aim of this study is to assess the mental health status and resilience of Eritrean migrants in Switzerland upon arrival and one-year post-arrival, using standardized mental health screening and resilience assessment tools. Results At baseline, 107 refugees (11.2% female, median age 25) were interviewed: 52 (48.6%) screened positive for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (score ≥ 30), 10.3% for anxiety (≥ 10) and 15.0% for depression (≥ 10); 17.8% scored as risk/hazardous drinkers (≥ 8). The majority (94.4%) had a high resilience score (≥ 65). For one-year follow-up, 48 asylum seekers could be reached. In interviews 18 (38%) of these reported imprisonment in a transit country and 28 (58%) that they had witnessed the death of a close person along the migration route. At the one year assessment, rates of risky/hazardous alcohol use remained unchanged, rates of positive PTSD screening tended to be lower (50.0% (24/48) at baseline vs 25.0% (12/48) at follow-up), as were rates of positive screening for anxiety (8.3% vs 4.2%) and depression (14.6 vs 6.3%).

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