scholarly journals Associations between schizophrenia genetic risk, anxiety disorders and manic/hypomanic episode in a longitudinal population cohort study

2018 ◽  
Vol 214 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Richards ◽  
John Horwood ◽  
Joseph Boden ◽  
Martin Kennedy ◽  
Ruth Sellers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Hypomanic Episode

BackgroundStudies involving clinically recruited samples show that genetic liability to schizophrenia overlaps with that for several psychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder, major depression and, in a population study, anxiety disorder and negative symptoms in adolescence.AimsWe examined whether, at a population level, association between schizophrenia liability and anxiety disorders continues into adulthood, for specific anxiety disorders and as a group. We explored in an epidemiologically based cohort the nature of adult psychopathology sharing liability to schizophrenia.MethodSchizophrenia polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were calculated for 590 European-descent individuals from the Christchurch Health and Development Study. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between schizophrenia PRS and four anxiety disorders (social phobia, specific phobia, panic disorder and generalised anxiety disorder), schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder, manic/hypomanic episode, alcohol dependence, major depression, and – using linear regression – total number of anxiety disorders. A novel population-level association with hypomania was tested in a UK birth cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children).ResultsSchizophrenia PRS was associated with total number of anxiety disorders and with generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder. We show a novel population-level association between schizophrenia PRS and manic/hypomanic episode.ConclusionsThe relationship between schizophrenia liability and anxiety disorders is not restricted to psychopathology in adolescence but is present in adulthood and specifically linked to generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder. We suggest that the association between schizophrenia liability and hypomanic/manic episodes found in clinical samples may not be due to bias.Declarations of interestNone.

Comorbidity of Mood Disorders: A Longitudinal Prospective Study

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (S30) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules Angst
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Recurrent Brief Depression ◽  
Cannabis Consumption ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

From the Zurich cohort study (n=591), the association of major depressive episodes and recurrent brief depression (RBD) with other psychiatric disorders is presented cross-sectionally at age 28 and 30 years, and over ten years (age 20 to 30 years). Longitudinally, the odds ratios of major depression are highest with dysthymia (4.4), generalised anxiety disorder (4.4), panic disorder (2.7), hypomania and agoraphobia (2.6), and social phobia (2.4). There is a significant association with cannabis consumption and smoking. Follow-up data over nine years are available for 41 patients with a major depressive disorder (MDD) and 62 with RBD: approximately 20% of MDD patients did not receive a diagnosis during follow-up. Major depression reoccurred in 32%, became bipolar in 24%, or developed into RBD in 24%. RBD remitted in 41 %, reoccurred in 35%, turned into major depression in 22%, and became bipolar in only 7%. Longitudinally, MDD and RBD show a symmetrical diagnostic change in a quarter of the cases. There is no substantial development of MDD or RBD into minor depression or generalised anxiety disorder. Thirteen per cent of those with RBD later developed panic disorder.

scholarly journals Association between latent toxoplasmosis and major depression, generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in human adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn D. Gale ◽  
Bruce L. Brown ◽  
Andrew Berrett ◽  
Lance D. Erickson ◽  
Dawson W. Hedges
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Human Adults

Anxiety disorder in dementia

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive G Ballard ◽  
Ramalingam NC Mohan ◽  
Abdul Patel ◽  
Candida Graham
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Day Hospital ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Degree Relative ◽  
Mild Dementia ◽  
Severity Of Dementia

AbstractObjective: To estimate the prevalence of anxiety disorders and to explore several potential aetiological factors. Method: Ninety two consecutive patients assessed at a day hospital for patients with probable dementia were interviewed using the CAMDEX schedule. Fifty eight patients gave a sufficiently reliable interview and had a first degree relative in close contact as an informant and were hence included in the study group. The prevalence of RDC generalised anxiety disorder in this group was determined. Type of dementia, severity of dementia and insight were explored as possible aetiological factors. Results: The prevalence of RDC generalised anxiety disorder was 31%. Fifty percent of these patients suffered from anxiety symptoms in the context of RDC major depression. Anxiety disorders were most common in those with mild dementia and in those who retained insight, both showing a trend towards a significant association with anxiety. Conclusions: Anxiety disorders are very common in dementia sufferers particularly in those with mild dementia. Further research is needed in this area, particularly with respect to treatment.

scholarly journals Age differences in treatment response to a collaborative care intervention for anxiety disorders

2013 ◽  
Vol 203 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Loebach Wetherell ◽  
Andrew J. Petkus ◽  
Steven R. Thorp ◽  
Murray B. Stein ◽  
Denise A. Chavira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Collaborative Care ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Care Intervention

BackgroundSome data suggest that older adults with anxiety disorders do not respond as well to treatment as do younger adults.AimsWe examined age differences in outcomes from the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM) study, an effectiveness trial comparing usual care to a computer-assisted collaborative care intervention for primary care patients with panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and/or social anxiety disorder. This is the first study to examine the efficacy of a collaborative care intervention in a sample that included both younger and older adults with anxiety disorders. We hypothesised that older adults would show a poorer response to the intervention than younger adults.MethodWe examined findings for the overall sample, as well as within each diagnostic category (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00347269).ResultsThe CALM intervention was more effective than usual care among younger adults overall and for those with generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder. Among older adults, the intervention was effective overall and for those with social anxiety disorder and PTSD but not for those with panic disorder or generalised anxiety disorder. The effects of the intervention also appeared to erode by the 18-month follow-up, and there were no significant effects on remission among the older adults.ConclusionsThese results are consistent with the findings of other investigators suggesting that medications and psychotherapy for anxiety disorders may not be as effective for older individuals as they are for younger people.

The Classification of Anxiety Disorders

1989 ◽  
Vol 154 (S4) ◽  
pp. 28-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Gelder
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Adjustment Disorders ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Phobic Disorders ◽  
Icd 10

The classification of anxiety disorders is a controversial subject, and this controversy is reflected in the differences between the systems adopted in DSM-III-R and in the draft of ICD-10. The scheme in ICD-10 is the simpler: anxiety disorders are divided into phobic disorders and other anxiety disorders, and each is divided further into three subgroups. The three phobic disorders are: agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobia. The three subgroups of ‘other anxiety disorders’ are panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, and mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. The subdivisions of phobic disorder are those now generally adopted in most countries, and are uncontroversial. The subdivisions of generalised anxiety disorder, and mixed anxiety depressive disorder are also widely accepted, the latter group being particularly frequent among patients seen in general practice and not referred on to psychiatrists. Only the category of panic disorder is controversial. In addition to these categories which are specifically allocated to anxiety disorders, two others are relevant: ‘reactions to severe stress and adjustment disorders’, and anxious personality disorder.

The Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Generalised Anxiety Disorder

1986 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Schweizer ◽  
Charlotte M. Swenson ◽  
Andrew Winokur ◽  
Karl Rickels ◽  
Greg Maislin
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression Test ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Clinical Predictors ◽  
Suppression Test ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression

The dexamethasone suppression test was performed on 79 patients with a diagnosis of generalised anxiety disorder. A non-suppression rate of 27% was obtained, comparable to that found in out-patient major depression but notably higher than previous reports in panic disorder. No good clinical predictors of non-suppression were discovered, nor was the co-occurrence of depression sufficient to account for the finding.

scholarly journals Panic Disorder

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
C P Szabo
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
General Population ◽  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Font Size

<div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 324.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05793);" data-canvas-width="422.862">Panic disorder (PD) is a prevalent anxiety disorder with lifetime</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 344.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.965287);" data-canvas-width="419.39699999999993">prevalence rates ranging from 1.1% to 3.7% in the general population</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 364.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.963513);" data-canvas-width="211.17">and 3.0% to 8.3% in clinic settings.</div><div style="left: 282.064px; top: 365.947px; font-size: 9.00733px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.974443);" data-canvas-width="10.231649999999998">[1]</div><div style="left: 292.296px; top: 364.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.979702);" data-canvas-width="198.32849999999996">The presence of agoraphobia in</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 384.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.990626);" data-canvas-width="420.45899999999983">patients with PD is associated with substantial severity, comorbidity</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 404.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01867);" data-canvas-width="421.6035">(e.g. major depression, other anxiety disorders, alcohol abuse) and</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 424.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00463);" data-canvas-width="142.19699999999997">functional impairment.</div><div style="left: 213.067px; top: 425.947px; font-size: 9.00733px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.958178);" data-canvas-width="12.216764999999999">[1]</div>

Reported Early Separation Anxiety Symptoms in Patients with Panic and Generalised Anxiety Disorders

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick Silove ◽  
Vijaya Manicavasagar ◽  
Dianne O'connell ◽  
Alex Blaszczynski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Anxiety Symptom ◽  
Separation Anxiety ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Early Separation ◽  
And Control

Attachment theory has proposed that early separation anxiety is a risk factor for adult anxiety disorder, with the recent focus being particularly on panic disorder. The results of empirical studies examining this link are, however, contradictory, possibly because of inconsistencies across studies in measuring memories of early separation anxiety. In the present study, a psychometrically sound measure, the Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventory (SASI) was used to compare memories of such early symptoms in panic disorder (including those with mild phobic-avoidance), generalised anxiety disorder and control subjects. Anxiety patients as a group returned higher SASI scores (p<0.001) with a non-significant trend for panic disorder patients to score higher than those with generalised anxiety. These results suggest that early separation anxiety may be a harbinger of adult anxiety and that risk of panic disorder may be higher in the most severely affected youngsters. As a risk factor, early separation anxiety does not however appear to be uniquely related to adult panic disorder.

Overview of Anxiety Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon E Grant
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Separation Anxiety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Separation Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Psychosocial Impairment

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders among adults in the United States. Although anxiety disorders generally result in significant psychosocial impairment, most adults do not seek treatment until many years after the onset of the anxiety disorder. The treatment literature for anxiety disorder has grown tremendously since the 1980s, and both psychotherapy and medications may prove beneficial for people with anxiety disorders. This review presents a general overview of the anxiety disorders. This review contains 7 tables, and 33 references. Key words: agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, treatment of anxiety

Major Depression and Generalised Anxiety Disorder

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (S30) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Twin Models ◽  
One Year

In both clinical and epidemiological samples, major depression (MD) and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) display substantial comorbidity. In a prior analysis of lifetime MD and GAD in female twins, the same genetic factors were shown to influence the liability to MD and to GAD. A follow-up interview in the same twin cohort examined one-year prevalence for MD and GAD (diagnosed using a one-month minimum duration of illness). Bivariate twin models were fitted using the program Mx. High levels of comorbidity were observed between MD and GAD. The best-fitting twin models, when GAD was diagnosed with or without a diagnostic hierarchy, found a genetic correlation of unity between the two disorders. The correlation in environmental risk factors was +0.70 when GAD was diagnosed non-hierarchically, but zero when hierarchical diagnoses were used. Our findings provide further support for the hypothesis that in women, MD and GAD are the result of the same genetic factors. Environmental risk factors that predispose to ‘pure’ GAD episodes may be relatively distinct from those that increase risk for MD.

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