scholarly journals Association between latent toxoplasmosis and major depression, generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in human adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn D. Gale ◽  
Bruce L. Brown ◽  
Andrew Berrett ◽  
Lance D. Erickson ◽  
Dawson W. Hedges
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Human Adults

Comorbidity of Mood Disorders: A Longitudinal Prospective Study

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (S30) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules Angst
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Recurrent Brief Depression ◽  
Cannabis Consumption ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

From the Zurich cohort study (n=591), the association of major depressive episodes and recurrent brief depression (RBD) with other psychiatric disorders is presented cross-sectionally at age 28 and 30 years, and over ten years (age 20 to 30 years). Longitudinally, the odds ratios of major depression are highest with dysthymia (4.4), generalised anxiety disorder (4.4), panic disorder (2.7), hypomania and agoraphobia (2.6), and social phobia (2.4). There is a significant association with cannabis consumption and smoking. Follow-up data over nine years are available for 41 patients with a major depressive disorder (MDD) and 62 with RBD: approximately 20% of MDD patients did not receive a diagnosis during follow-up. Major depression reoccurred in 32%, became bipolar in 24%, or developed into RBD in 24%. RBD remitted in 41 %, reoccurred in 35%, turned into major depression in 22%, and became bipolar in only 7%. Longitudinally, MDD and RBD show a symmetrical diagnostic change in a quarter of the cases. There is no substantial development of MDD or RBD into minor depression or generalised anxiety disorder. Thirteen per cent of those with RBD later developed panic disorder.

The Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Generalised Anxiety Disorder

1986 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Schweizer ◽  
Charlotte M. Swenson ◽  
Andrew Winokur ◽  
Karl Rickels ◽  
Greg Maislin
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression Test ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Clinical Predictors ◽  
Suppression Test ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression

The dexamethasone suppression test was performed on 79 patients with a diagnosis of generalised anxiety disorder. A non-suppression rate of 27% was obtained, comparable to that found in out-patient major depression but notably higher than previous reports in panic disorder. No good clinical predictors of non-suppression were discovered, nor was the co-occurrence of depression sufficient to account for the finding.

scholarly journals Associations between schizophrenia genetic risk, anxiety disorders and manic/hypomanic episode in a longitudinal population cohort study

2018 ◽  
Vol 214 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Richards ◽  
John Horwood ◽  
Joseph Boden ◽  
Martin Kennedy ◽  
Ruth Sellers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Hypomanic Episode

BackgroundStudies involving clinically recruited samples show that genetic liability to schizophrenia overlaps with that for several psychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder, major depression and, in a population study, anxiety disorder and negative symptoms in adolescence.AimsWe examined whether, at a population level, association between schizophrenia liability and anxiety disorders continues into adulthood, for specific anxiety disorders and as a group. We explored in an epidemiologically based cohort the nature of adult psychopathology sharing liability to schizophrenia.MethodSchizophrenia polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were calculated for 590 European-descent individuals from the Christchurch Health and Development Study. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between schizophrenia PRS and four anxiety disorders (social phobia, specific phobia, panic disorder and generalised anxiety disorder), schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder, manic/hypomanic episode, alcohol dependence, major depression, and – using linear regression – total number of anxiety disorders. A novel population-level association with hypomania was tested in a UK birth cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children).ResultsSchizophrenia PRS was associated with total number of anxiety disorders and with generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder. We show a novel population-level association between schizophrenia PRS and manic/hypomanic episode.ConclusionsThe relationship between schizophrenia liability and anxiety disorders is not restricted to psychopathology in adolescence but is present in adulthood and specifically linked to generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder. We suggest that the association between schizophrenia liability and hypomanic/manic episodes found in clinical samples may not be due to bias.Declarations of interestNone.

Reported Early Separation Anxiety Symptoms in Patients with Panic and Generalised Anxiety Disorders

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick Silove ◽  
Vijaya Manicavasagar ◽  
Dianne O'connell ◽  
Alex Blaszczynski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Anxiety Symptom ◽  
Separation Anxiety ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Early Separation ◽  
And Control

Attachment theory has proposed that early separation anxiety is a risk factor for adult anxiety disorder, with the recent focus being particularly on panic disorder. The results of empirical studies examining this link are, however, contradictory, possibly because of inconsistencies across studies in measuring memories of early separation anxiety. In the present study, a psychometrically sound measure, the Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventory (SASI) was used to compare memories of such early symptoms in panic disorder (including those with mild phobic-avoidance), generalised anxiety disorder and control subjects. Anxiety patients as a group returned higher SASI scores (p<0.001) with a non-significant trend for panic disorder patients to score higher than those with generalised anxiety. These results suggest that early separation anxiety may be a harbinger of adult anxiety and that risk of panic disorder may be higher in the most severely affected youngsters. As a risk factor, early separation anxiety does not however appear to be uniquely related to adult panic disorder.

Major Depression and Generalised Anxiety Disorder

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (S30) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Twin Models ◽  
One Year

In both clinical and epidemiological samples, major depression (MD) and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) display substantial comorbidity. In a prior analysis of lifetime MD and GAD in female twins, the same genetic factors were shown to influence the liability to MD and to GAD. A follow-up interview in the same twin cohort examined one-year prevalence for MD and GAD (diagnosed using a one-month minimum duration of illness). Bivariate twin models were fitted using the program Mx. High levels of comorbidity were observed between MD and GAD. The best-fitting twin models, when GAD was diagnosed with or without a diagnostic hierarchy, found a genetic correlation of unity between the two disorders. The correlation in environmental risk factors was +0.70 when GAD was diagnosed non-hierarchically, but zero when hierarchical diagnoses were used. Our findings provide further support for the hypothesis that in women, MD and GAD are the result of the same genetic factors. Environmental risk factors that predispose to ‘pure’ GAD episodes may be relatively distinct from those that increase risk for MD.

Diagnostic relevance of sleep complaints in anxiety and mood disorders

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 386-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Arriaga ◽  
E Lara ◽  
A Matos-Pires ◽  
F Cavaglia ◽  
L Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Sleep Complaints ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Assessments ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorders ◽  
Compulsive Disorders ◽  
Normal Controls

SummaryClinical assessments of sleep and subjective state upon waking were performed in normal controls and patients with generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, primary dysthymia and major depression. Subjects were selected according to DSM-III-R criteria. As compared to normal controls, patients with generalised anxiety, dysthymia and major depression exhibit pervasive and intense complaints of insomnia, and no clear distinctions can be drawn among these groups. Patients with panic disorder do not differ from normal controls, whereas obsessive compulsive patients present limited sleep symptoms. These findings suggest that subjective sleep variables are relevant for the diagnostic discrimination of panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders.

Distinctions between Panic Disorder and Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Clinical Presentation

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Rapee
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Gradual Onset ◽  
Manifest Anxiety

Thirty-eight panic disorder and 48 generalised anxiety disorder subjects were asked to complete a number of questionnaires aimed at developing a general clinical picture of the two disorders. The results indicated that panic disorder is characterised by a sudden onset around the mid- to late-20s age group and is distinguished by symptoms which are chiefly hyperventilatory in nature and are accompanied by thoughts of serious physical or mental illness. Generalised anxiety disorder is characterised by a gradual onset of symptoms. Somatic symptoms associated with this disorder are generally accompanied by a realisation that the symptoms are the result of anxiety and are harmless. The two groups did not appear to differ greatly on a number of other scales except that the generalised anxiety disorder subjects scored higher on measures of manifest anxiety and social phobia.

scholarly journals Structure of internalising symptoms in early adulthood

2006 ◽  
Vol 189 (6) ◽  
pp. 540-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Fergusson ◽  
L. John Horwood ◽  
Joseph M. Boden
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Time Correlation ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorders ◽  
Symptom Scores ◽  
Dsm Iv

BackgroundDebate surrounds the underlying structure of internalising disorders including major depression, generalised anxiety disorder, phobias and panic disorders.AimsTo model the within-time and across-time relationships of internalising symptoms, incorporating effects from generalised internalising and disorder-specific components of continuity.MethodData were gathered from a 25-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 953 New Zealand children. Outcome measures included DSM–IV symptom scores for major depression, generalised anxiety disorder, phobia and panic disorder at the ages of 18, 21 and 25 years.ResultsStructural equation modelling showed that, within-times, a common underlying measure of generalised internalising explained symptom score comorbidities. Across-time correlation of symptom scores was primarily accounted for by continuity over time in generalised internalising. However, for major depression and phobia there was also evidence of across-time continuity in the disorder-specific components of symptoms.ConclusionsInternalising symptoms can be partitioned into components reflecting both a generalised tendency to internalising and disorder-specific components.

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