The Circulation of the Blood and Lymph in the Cranium during Sleep and Sleeplessness, with Observations on Hypnotics (Prize Essay)

1891 ◽  
Vol 37 (156) ◽  
pp. 18-61
Author(s):  
John Cumming Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disease ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Circulation Of The Blood ◽  
Prize Essay

Sir Henry Holland, in his chapter on Sleep, considers its investigation should include causes which prevent as well as those which favour or produce it. In the investigation of sleeplessness we assume the converse of this as true, and advert briefly to what experimental physiologists regard as causes and accompaniments of sleep before engaging on its pathological condition, for the therapeutics of sleeplessness imply a knowledge of both. Disturbances of sleep are so constantly the heralds and associates of mental disease as to make insomnia, more than any other condition, common to all, or pathognomonic. The object of sleep, says Sir Henry Holland, is reparation, and sleep itself repose of sensibility and volition, whose cause is a change of condition of the nervous substance closely related to these functions, probably never to be ascertained by investigation, “yet,” he continues, “not the less real as a change on that account.”

Therapy and prevention for mental health: What if mental diseases are mostly not brain disorders?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. A. Ioannidis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
Labor Education ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Political Decisions

AbstractNeurobiology-based interventions for mental diseases and searches for useful biomarkers of treatment response have largely failed. Clinical trials should assess interventions related to environmental and social stressors, with long-term follow-up; social rather than biological endpoints; personalized outcomes; and suitable cluster, adaptive, and n-of-1 designs. Labor, education, financial, and other social/political decisions should be evaluated for their impacts on mental disease.

Understanding Schizophrenia: Genetic Causes and Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Fatima Javeria ◽  
Shazma Altaf ◽  
Alishah Zair ◽  
Rana Khalid Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Copy Number ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Copy Number Variants ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Severe Mental Disease

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disease. The word schizophrenia literally means split mind. There are three major categories of symptoms which include positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. The disease is characterized by symptoms of hallucination, delusions, disorganized thinking and speech. Schizophrenia is related to many other mental and psychological problems like suicide, depression, hallucinations. Including these, it is also a problem for the patient’s family and the caregiver. There is no clear reason for the disease, but with the advances in molecular genetics; certain epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. Epigenetic mechanisms that are mainly involved are the DNA methylation, copy number variants. With the advent of GWAS, a wide range of SNPs is found linked with the etiology of schizophrenia. These SNPs serve as ‘hubs’; because these all are integrating with each other in causing of schizophrenia risk. Until recently, there is no treatment available to cure the disease; but anti-psychotics can reduce the disease risk by minimizing its symptoms. Dopamine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, are the neurotransmitters which serve as drug targets in the treatment of schizophrenia. Due to the involvement of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, drugs available are already targeting certain genes involved in the etiology of the disease.

Agency and Insanity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Garvey
Keyword(s):  
Agency Theory ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Traditional Theory ◽  
Alien Hand Syndrome ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
Alien Hand ◽  
Title Character

66 Buffalo Law Review 123 (2018)This Article offers an unorthodox theory of insanity. According to the traditional theory, insanity is a cognitive or volitional incapacity arising from a mental disease or defect. As an alternative to the traditional theory, some commentators have proposed that insanity is an especially debilitating form of irrationality. Each of these theories faces fair-minded objections. In contrast to these theories, this Article proposes that a person is insane if and because he lacks a sense of agency. The theory of insanity it defends might therefore be called the lost-agency theory.According to the lost-agency theory, a person lacks a sense of agency when he experiences his mind and body moving but doesn’t experience himself as the author or agent of those movements. The title character in the movie Dr. Strangelove suffered from what’s known as alien hand syndrome. People suffering from this syndrome experience the moving hand as their hand but don’t experience themselves as the author or agent of its movements. The lost-agency theory portrays insanity as alien hand syndrome writ large. The insane actor is like someone possessed by an alien self. He’s not in charge of his mind or body when he commits the crime.

Alzheimer’s Disease and Retinal Degeneration: A Glimpse at Essential Trace Metals in Ocular Fluids and Tissues

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 1073-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Micera ◽  
Luca Bruno ◽  
Andrea Cacciamani ◽  
Mauro Rongioletti ◽  
Rosanna Squitti
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Retinal Disease ◽  
Cellular Aging ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Aged People

Background: Life expectancy is increasing all over the world, although neurodegenerative disorders might drastically affect the individual activity of aged people. Of those, Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is one of the most social-cost age-linked diseases of industrialized countries. To date, retinal diseases seem to be more common in the developing world and characterize principally aged people. Agerelated Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a late-onset, neurodegenerative retinal disease that shares several clinical and pathological features with AD, including stress stimuli such as oxidative stress, inflammation and amyloid formations. Method: In both diseases, the detrimental intra/extra-cellular deposits have many similarities. Aging, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity, arteriosclerosis and smoking are risk factors to develop both diseases. Cellular aging routes have similar organelle and signaling patterns in retina and brain. The possibility to find out new research strategies represent a step forward to disclose potential treatment for both of them. Essential trace metals play critical roles in both physiological and pathological condition of retina, optic nerve and brain, by influencing metabolic processes chiefly upon complex multifactorial pathogenesis. Conclusion: Hence, this review addresses current knowledge about some up-to-date investigated essential trace metals associated with AD and AMD. Changes in the levels of systemic and ocular fluid essential metals might reflect the early stages of AMD, possibly disclosing neurodegeneration pathways shared with AD, which might open to potential early detection.

A Comparative Study of Amalaki Choorna along with Madhu and Vata Twak Kashaya Yoni Pichu Dharana in the Management of Shweta Pradara

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renuka M. Tenahalli
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A ◽  
Phosphorus Iron ◽  
Group B ◽  
Busy Schedule ◽  
Iron And Calcium

Shweta Pradara (Leucorrhoea) is the disease which is characterized by vaginal white discharge. Vaginal white discharge this symptom is present in both physiological and pathological condition, when it becomes pathological it disturbs routine life style of the woman. Most of the women in the early stage will not express the symptoms because of hesitation and their busy schedule. If it is not treated it may leads to chronic diseases like PID (Garbhashaya Shotha etc.) Charaka mentioned Amalaki Choorna along with Madhu and Vata Twak Kashaya Yoni Pichu Dharana. This treatment is used in Shweta Pradara shown positive results, hence a study was under taken to assess its clinical efficacy. 30 diagnosed patients of Shweta Pradara were randomly selected, allocated in three groups. Group A and Group B received Amalaki Choorna with Madhu and Vata Twak Kashaya Yoni Pichu Dharana respectively and Group C received Amalaki Choorna with Madhu followed by Vata Twak Kashaya Yoni Pichu Dharana for 15 days. The patients were assessed for the severity of the symptoms subjectively and objectively before and after the treatment and at the end of the follow up. Data from each group were statistically analyzed and were compared. No side effects were noted and it may be considered as an effective alternative medicine in Shweta Pradara (leucorrhea). Amalaki is rich in natural source of vitamin C and contains phosphorus, iron and calcium. Honey contains carbohydrate, vitamin C, phosphorus iron and calcium. All together these help to increase Hb% and immunity. Vata Twak Kashaya contains tannin which helps to maintain normal pH of the vagina.

Transport and Chronic Injuries Caused by Improper Use of Cell Phones：Evidences from 41 Studies (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinxi Cao ◽  
Yangyang Cheng ◽  
Chenjie Xu ◽  
Yabing Hou ◽  
Hongxi Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Cell Phones ◽  
Cell Phone Use ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
Chronic Injuries ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Cell phone use brought convenience to people, but using phones for a long period of time or in the wrong way and with a wrong posture might cause damage to the human body. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of improper cell phone use on transport and chronic injuries. METHODS Studies were systematically searched in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science up to April 4, 2019 and relevant reviews were searched to identify additional studies. A random-effects model was used to estimate the overall pooled estimates. RESULTS Cell phone users were at a higher risk for transport injuries (RR: 1.37, 95%CI: 1.221.55), long-term use of cell phones increased the transport injury risk to non-use or short-term use (RR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.632.70). Neoplasm risk caused by cell phone use was 1.07 times that of non-use (95% CI: 1.011.14); Compared with non-use, cell phone use had a higher risk of eye disease, with a risk of 2.03 (95% CI: 1.273.23), the risk of mental disease was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.171.35), the risk of neurological disorder was 1.16 (95% CI: 1.021.32), and a pooled risk of other chronic injuries was 1.20 (95% CI: 0.981.59). CONCLUSIONS Cell phone use at inappropriate situations has a negative impact on the human body. Therefore, it is necessary to use cell phones correctly and reasonably.

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