The Relation of Unresolved Infective Processes Following Acute Infective Diseases to the Causation of Mental Disorder

1929 ◽  
Vol 75 (308) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Remarkable Case ◽  
Mental Disturbances ◽  
Mental Symptoms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Circulatory Disturbances

When I first began the study of mental disorders, I realized that patients were, apart from their mental disorder, physically ill, and I was attracted to a study of the circulatory disturbances in these cases. This led me to consider whether these general circulatory disturbances were responsible for the mental state, in the same way that intracranial circulatory disturbances were in surgical brain cases showing mental symptoms. Examination almost invariably revealed weakness of the heart's action, irregularity of the pulse, low or high blood-pressure, and disturbances of the peripheral circulation. It was thus conceivable that disturbance of blood composition and supply might cause disturbance of oxidation in the brain and that many of these abnormal circulatory manifestations might be responsible for the production of mental disturbances. A study of various physiological and biochemical observations suggested that possibly there was in these cases some deficiency of essential salts, such as calcium. This led me to the treatment of mental disorders by the administration of salts of calcium—choosing calcium lactate. Fortunately I found at that time (1919) a very remarkable case showing severe mental symptoms and unusual circulatory disturbances.

Delirious Disorientation: The Law of the Unfamiliar Mistaken for the Familiar

1945 ◽  
Vol 91 (385) ◽  
pp. 447-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Levin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Mental Symptoms ◽  
Normal Man ◽  
Cerebral Physiology ◽  
Modes Of Thought ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Full Stature ◽  
Great Advance

Psychiatry made a great advance when it began to recognize the psychological meaning of mental symptoms—when it took the stand that it is not enough to establish that a patient has, say, delusions, but that one must relate the content of the delusions to the patient's life experience. Another stride has yet to be made, and that is the recognition of the physiological meaning of symptoms. Mental activity being the manifestation of cerebral activity, mental aberration must signify some aberration in the function of the brain, however normal this organ may appear to the eye. In a case of mental disorder, therefore, just as much as in hemiplegia, one must inquire how the laws of physiology reveal themselves in the signs and symptoms of the disease. To return to the example, it is not enough to show that the content of a delusion represents the patient's thoughts and strivings, but there remains the question: What has happened to his brain to cause his thoughts and strivings to assume the guise of delusions, when in a normal man they merely take the form of fancies? When a deluded patient says he is a very rich man, a certain psychological cause is at work. A healthy man, too, may be worried about money, but, in response to this cause, he merely fancies himself a rich man. The demonstration of a psychological cause, therefore, does not explain the sick man's delusion. All it explains is the content of the delusion; since the patient is worried about money, his delusion deals with wealth rather than some other topic. But it does not explain why the patient has delusions. The explanation of this must lie in some cerebral defect which permits inferior modes of thought to occur in response to certain situations. Psychiatry will not reach its full stature as a science until it regards each mentally sick person and each of his symptoms as a problem in cerebral physiology.

Ordering Disorder

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Graham
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain

The basic claims of the chapter are, first, that mental disorders are not best understood as types of brain disorder, even though mental disorders are based in the brain. And, second, that the difference between the two sorts of disorders can be illuminated by the sorts of treatment or therapy that may work for the one type (a mental disorder) but not for the other type (a brain disorder). In the discussion some of the diagnostic implications and difficulties associated with these two basic claims are outlined.

The Inter-Relationships of Mental Disorders and Diabetes Mellitus

1935 ◽  
Vol 81 (333) ◽  
pp. 332-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Menninger
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Mental Symptoms ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between mental disorders and diabetes is studied as shown by 30 cases of mental disorder associated with diabetes, 93 cases of uncomplicated diabetes and 400 uncomplicated cases of mental disorder. This study covers, first, the psychological picture in diabetes; second, the types and courses of mental disorder associated with diabetes; and third, the mental symptoms with hypoglycæmia.

scholarly journals Penyuluhan Kesehatan tentang Faktor Penyebab Kekambuhan Pasien Skizofrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Dwi Kartika Pebrianti
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Recurrence Rate ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
First Year ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Discharge From Hospital ◽  
Repeat Visits ◽  
The Brain

Schizophrenia is a disease that affects the brain and causes strange and disturbed thoughts, perceptions, emotions, movements and behaviors called schizophrenia (Videbeck, 2008). Globally, the recurrence rate in people with mental disorders reaches 50% -92% due to non-compliance in treatment or due to lack of support and vulnerable living conditions with increased stress (Sheewangisaw, 2012). Clients diagnosed with schizophrenia are estimated to have a 50% relapse in the first year, 70% in the second year after discharge from hospital, and a 100% recurrence in the fifth year. . Data on patient visits at the Outpatient Polyclinic of RSJD Jambi Province in 2016 amounted to 38,330 visits, of which 35,448 visits were repeat visits and the remaining 2882 were new visits. It is hoped that the results of health education activities for patients and their families will understand the concept of nursing problems that cause mental disorder patients to recur.

scholarly journals ‘Braining’ psychiatry: an investigation into how complexity is managed in the practice of neuropsychiatric research

BioSocieties ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bas de Boer ◽  
Hedwig te Molder ◽  
Peter-Paul Verbeek
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Imaging Technologies ◽  
Diagnostic Labels ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNeuropsychiatry searches to understand mental disorders in terms of underlying brain activity by using brain imaging technologies. The field promises to offer a more objective foundation for diagnostic processes and to help developing forms of treatment that target the symptoms of a specific mental disorder. However, brain imaging technologies also reveal the brain as a complex network, suggesting that mental disorders cannot be easily linked to specific brain areas. In this paper, we analyze a case study conducted at a neuropsychiatry laboratory to explore how the complexity of the human brain is managed in light of the project of explaining mental disorders in terms of their neurological substrates. We use a combination of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis to show how previously assigned diagnostic labels are constitutive of interpretations of experimental data and, therefore, remain unchallenged. Furthermore, we show how diagnostic labels become materialized in experimental design, in that the linking of symptoms of mental disorders to specific brain areas is treated as indicative of successfully designed experimental stimuli. In conclusion, we argue that while researchers acknowledge the complexity of the brain on a generic level, they do not grant this complexity to the brains of individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder.

scholarly journals Uncertainty Promotes Neuroreductionism: A Behavioral Online Study on Folk Psychological Causal Inference from Neuroimaging Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jona Carmon ◽  
Moritz Bammel ◽  
Peter Brugger ◽  
Bigna Lenggenhager
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Causal Inference ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Causal Uncertainty ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Piano Playing

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Increased efforts in neuroscience try to understand mental disorders as brain disorders. In the present study, we investigate how common a neuroreductionist inclination is among highly educated people. In particular, we shed light on implicit presuppositions of mental disorders little is known about in the public, exemplified here by the case of body integrity dysphoria (BID) that is considered a mental disorder for the first time in ICD-11. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Identically graphed, simulated data of mind-brain correlations were shown in 3 contexts with presumably different presumptions about causality. 738 highly educated lay people rated plausibility of causality attribution from the brain to mind and from mind to the brain for correlations between brain structural properties and mental phenomena. We contrasted participants’ plausibility ratings of causality in the contexts of commonly perceived brain lesion-induced behavior (aphasia), behavior-induced training effects (piano playing), and a newly described mental disorder (BID). <b><i>Results:</i></b> The findings reveal the expected context-dependent modulation of causality attributions in the contexts of aphasia and piano playing. Furthermore, we observed a significant tendency to more readily attribute causal inference from the brain to mind than vice versa with respect to BID. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In some contexts, exemplified here by aphasia and piano playing, unidirectional causality attributions may be justified. However, with respect to BID, we critically discuss presumably unjustified neuroreductionist inclinations under causal uncertainty. Finally, we emphasize the need for a presupposition-free approach in psychiatry.

RAS in the Central Nervous System: Potential Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (28) ◽  
pp. 3333-3352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Pessoa Rocha ◽  
Ana Cristina Simoes e Silva ◽  
Thiago Ruiz Rodrigues Prestes ◽  
Victor Feracin ◽  
Caroline Amaral Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Mas Receptor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis, but also plays important roles in mediating physiological functions in the central nervous system (CNS). The effects of the RAS were classically described as mediated by angiotensin (Ang) II via angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptors. However, another arm of the RAS formed by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Ang-(1-7) and the Mas receptor has been a matter of investigation due to its important physiological roles, usually counterbalancing the classical effects exerted by Ang II. Objective: We aim to provide an overview of effects elicited by the RAS, especially Ang-(1-7), in the brain. We also aim to discuss the therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders for the modulation of RAS. Method: We carried out an extensive literature search in PubMed central. Results: Within the brain, Ang-(1-7) contributes to the regulation of blood pressure by acting at regions that control cardiovascular functions. In contrast with Ang II, Ang-(1-7) improves baroreflex sensitivity and plays an inhibitory role in hypothalamic noradrenergic neurotransmission. Ang-(1-7) not only exerts effects related to blood pressure regulation, but also acts as a neuroprotective component of the RAS, for instance, by reducing cerebral infarct size, inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Conclusion: Pre-clinical evidence supports a relevant role for ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including stress-related and mood disorders, cerebrovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few data are available regarding the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in human CNS.

scholarly journals Impact of arthritis on the perceived need and use of mental healthcare among Canadians with mental disorders: nationally representative cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e041371
Author(s):  
Alyssa Howren ◽  
J Antonio Aviña-Zubieta ◽  
Deborah Da Costa ◽  
Joseph H Puyat ◽  
Hui Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Perceived Need ◽  
Mental Health Support ◽  
Health Support

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between having arthritis and the perceived need for mental healthcare and use of mental health support among individuals with mental disorders.DesignA cross-sectional analysis using data from Canadian Community Health Survey—Mental Health (2012).SettingThe survey was administered across Canada’s 10 provinces using multistage cluster sampling.ParticipantsThe study sample consisted of individuals reporting depression, anxiety or bipolar disorder.Study variables and analysisThe explanatory variable was self-reported doctor-diagnosed arthritis, and outcomes were perceived need for mental healthcare and use of mental health support. We computed overall and gender-stratified multivariable binomial logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, income and geographical region.ResultsAmong 1774 individuals with a mental disorder in the study sample, 436 (20.4%) reported having arthritis. Arthritis was associated with increased odds of having a perceived need for mental healthcare (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.71, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.77). In the gender-stratified models, this association was increased among men (aOR 2.69, 95% CI 1.32 to 5.49) but not women (aOR 1.48, 95% CI 0.78 to 2.82). Evaluation of the association between arthritis and use of mental health support resulted in an aOR of 1.50 (95% CI 0.89 to 2.51). Individuals with arthritis tended to use medications and professional services as opposed to non-professional support.ConclusionComorbid arthritis among individuals with a mental disorder was associated with an increased perceived need for mental healthcare, especially in men, underscoring the importance of understanding the role of masculinity in health seeking. Assessing the mental health of patients with arthritis continues to be essential for clinical care.

Tobacco smoking and mental disorders in Australian adolescents

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486742110096
Author(s):  
David Lawrence ◽  
Sarah E Johnson ◽  
Francis Mitrou ◽  
Sharon Lawn ◽  
Michael Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Current Tobacco

Objectives: This study aimed to (1) examine the strength of the association between mental disorders/mental health problems, risk behaviours and tobacco smoking among Australian adolescents, (2) compare rates of tobacco smoking among Australian adolescents with major depressive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and/or conduct disorder in 2013/14 vs 1998, and (3) identify the extent to which an association between tobacco smoking and mental health problems among adolescents can be attributed to non-mental health risk factors. Methods: The study utilised data from the first (1998) and second (2013/14) child and adolescent components of the National Surveys of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Both surveys identified nationally representative samples of Australian young people aged 4–17 years, living in private dwellings. Information was collected from parents and 13- to 17-year-olds about mental disorders, mental health problems, risk behaviours and tobacco smoking. Results: In the 2013/14 survey, the rate of current tobacco smoking among those with a mental disorder was 20% compared to 5% in those without a mental disorder. Rates were highest for young people with conduct disorder (50%), major depressive disorder (24%) and anxiety disorders (19%). In 2013/14, 38% of current tobacco smokers had a mental disorder and 32% reported self-harm and/or suicidal ideation vs 10% and 5%, respectively, among adolescents who had never smoked. Females with mental disorders or reporting self-harm or suicidal ideation had higher rates of current smoking than males. Other significant factors associated with current smoking included school-related problems, binge eating and having had more than one sexual partner. Conclusion: While smoking rates in 13- to 17-year-olds with mental disorders had declined since 1998, the strength of the association between mental disorders and smoking had increased, especially among females. Our findings highlight the need to address the tobacco smoking among adolescents with mental disorders, particularly females.

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