Delirious Disorientation: The Law of the Unfamiliar Mistaken for the Familiar

1945 ◽  
Vol 91 (385) ◽  
pp. 447-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Levin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Mental Symptoms ◽  
Normal Man ◽  
Cerebral Physiology ◽  
Modes Of Thought ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Full Stature ◽  
Great Advance

Psychiatry made a great advance when it began to recognize the psychological meaning of mental symptoms—when it took the stand that it is not enough to establish that a patient has, say, delusions, but that one must relate the content of the delusions to the patient's life experience. Another stride has yet to be made, and that is the recognition of the physiological meaning of symptoms. Mental activity being the manifestation of cerebral activity, mental aberration must signify some aberration in the function of the brain, however normal this organ may appear to the eye. In a case of mental disorder, therefore, just as much as in hemiplegia, one must inquire how the laws of physiology reveal themselves in the signs and symptoms of the disease. To return to the example, it is not enough to show that the content of a delusion represents the patient's thoughts and strivings, but there remains the question: What has happened to his brain to cause his thoughts and strivings to assume the guise of delusions, when in a normal man they merely take the form of fancies? When a deluded patient says he is a very rich man, a certain psychological cause is at work. A healthy man, too, may be worried about money, but, in response to this cause, he merely fancies himself a rich man. The demonstration of a psychological cause, therefore, does not explain the sick man's delusion. All it explains is the content of the delusion; since the patient is worried about money, his delusion deals with wealth rather than some other topic. But it does not explain why the patient has delusions. The explanation of this must lie in some cerebral defect which permits inferior modes of thought to occur in response to certain situations. Psychiatry will not reach its full stature as a science until it regards each mentally sick person and each of his symptoms as a problem in cerebral physiology.

The Relation of Unresolved Infective Processes Following Acute Infective Diseases to the Causation of Mental Disorder

1929 ◽  
Vol 75 (308) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Remarkable Case ◽  
Mental Disturbances ◽  
Mental Symptoms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Circulatory Disturbances

When I first began the study of mental disorders, I realized that patients were, apart from their mental disorder, physically ill, and I was attracted to a study of the circulatory disturbances in these cases. This led me to consider whether these general circulatory disturbances were responsible for the mental state, in the same way that intracranial circulatory disturbances were in surgical brain cases showing mental symptoms. Examination almost invariably revealed weakness of the heart's action, irregularity of the pulse, low or high blood-pressure, and disturbances of the peripheral circulation. It was thus conceivable that disturbance of blood composition and supply might cause disturbance of oxidation in the brain and that many of these abnormal circulatory manifestations might be responsible for the production of mental disturbances. A study of various physiological and biochemical observations suggested that possibly there was in these cases some deficiency of essential salts, such as calcium. This led me to the treatment of mental disorders by the administration of salts of calcium—choosing calcium lactate. Fortunately I found at that time (1919) a very remarkable case showing severe mental symptoms and unusual circulatory disturbances.

A Case of Periarteritis Nodosa of the Central Nervous System

1950 ◽  
Vol 96 (403) ◽  
pp. 470-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mavis E. Mackay ◽  
Turner McLardy ◽  
Cyril Harris
Keyword(s):  
Unusual Case ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Periarteritis Nodosa ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Mental Symptoms ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pathological Report ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Exacerbation Of Symptoms

This is a clinical and pathological report on an unusual case of periarteritis nodosa in which the disease was confined chiefly to the brain and spinal cord. The diffuseness, variability and intermittency of the neurological signs and symptoms over a period of two years, in the absence of many of the more usual somatic manifestations of periarteritis nodosa, was responsible for the nature of the disorder not being diagnosed before death. Mental symptoms were prominent throughout the last year of illness. T.A.B. pyrexial therapy coincided with a marked remission in physical and mental symptoms, whilst arsenical therapy appeared to precipitate the terminal exacerbation of symptoms.

“Where is Dementia?” A Systematic Literature Review Exploring Neuroanatomical Aspects of Dementia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (15) ◽  
pp. 9-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chorong Oh ◽  
Leonard LaPointe
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Behavioral Symptoms ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Language Literature

Dementia is a condition caused by and associated with separate physical changes in the brain. The signs and symptoms of dementia are very similar across the diverse types, and it is difficult to diagnose the category by behavioral symptoms alone. Diagnostic criteria have relied on a constellation of signs and symptoms, but it is critical to understand the neuroanatomical differences among the dementias for a more precise diagnosis and subsequent management. With this regard, this review aims to explore the neuroanatomical aspects of dementia to better understand the nature of distinctive subtypes, signs, and symptoms. This is a review of English language literature published from 1996 to the present day of peer-reviewed academic and medical journal articles that report on older people with dementia. This review examines typical neuroanatomical aspects of dementia and reinforces the importance of a thorough understanding of the neuroanatomical characteristics of the different types of dementia and the differential diagnosis of them.

scholarly journals “I Didn’t Know What They Wanted From Me”–the Perspective of Individuals with Mental Disorders on Police Interventions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linus Wittmann ◽  
Gunter Groen ◽  
Janusz Ogorka ◽  
Astrid Jörns-Presentati
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Police Encounters

AbstractEncounters between individuals with a mental disorder and police forces can be harmful and dangerous for both parties involved. Previous research explored mostly police officers’ subjective experience of these encounters and focused on their recommendations. The present study takes the perspective of individuals with a mental disorder and investigates their subjective experience of dealing with the police. Thirteen semi-structural interviews were conducted with individuals with a history of mental health problems who have had encounters with the police and experienced contact-based anti-stigmatization interventions as consultants. Interviews revolved around the subjective experience of these police encounters. Questionnaires were used to inquire about context factors, individuals’ perceptions of police officers, and their sense of security during these encounters. Furthermore, individuals were asked to rate police officers’ ability to recognize signs and symptoms of ill mental health and give recommendations in regard to adequate communication strategies, interventions, and police training. The results indicate that encounters were experienced predominantly as positive and non-threatening. Participants emphasized the importance of communication strategies with a focus on empathy and respect. Keeping personal space and satisfying basic needs was recommended. Contact-based anti-stigmatization interventions were regarded as an effective approach to reduce stigma. Empathy and respect are perceived as key strategies for police officers when dealing with individuals with a mental disorder. To promote these strategies, trialogical anti-stigmatization interventions and crisis intervention training, including communication skills and face-to-face contact, are promising approaches.

scholarly journals Evolution, depression and the interplay between chance and choices

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1021-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osvaldo P. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression

Depression is a common and disabling mental disorder that affects people of all ages, cultures and ethnic backgrounds (Henderson et al., 2000; Mathers et al., 2001; Kessler et al., 2005; Prince et al., 2007). Its presence has been recorded throughout history (Berrios, 1985), which suggests that the signs and symptoms of depression are not simply a product of our time. However, given the overwhelmingly negative consequences of depression (Broadhead et al., 1990; Ellis and Gordon, 2004), it may seem surprising that depression is so ubiquitous and that evolution by means of natural selection has not eliminated it from our midst.

SUBDURAL FLUID AS A CONSEQUENCE OF PNEUMOENCEPHALOGRAPHY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-389
Author(s):  
HONOR V. SMITH ◽  
BRONSON CROTHERS
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Cerebral Atrophy ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Subdural Space ◽  
Suitable Treatment ◽  
Superior Longitudinal Sinus ◽  
The Brain

When lumbar or cisternal pneumoencephalography is carried out on children with nonprogressive brain lesions causing mental deficiency, cerebral palsy or epilepsy, air is seen in the subdural space in at least a third of cases. This proportion is much larger in children 2 years of age or under. The roentgenographic appearances of subdural air are described and the importance of not attributing these appearances to cerebral atrophy or hypoplasia is emphasized. In approximately one third of cases in which air enters the subdural space, that is, in from 10% to 15% of all cases, recovery from pneumoencephalography is delayed by the development of signs and symptoms suggesting a rise in intracranial pressure. In such cases fluid can usually be found by needling the subdural space. Typically this fluid is characteristic of that found in subdural hematoma. There is no evidence that such a collection of fluid was present before pneumoencephalography. It is therefore suggested that as air enters the subdural space and the brain falls away from the dura, vessels may be torn as they cross this space to reach the superior longitudinal sinus, with the formation of what may be termed subdural hematoma artefacta. Although the incidence of this complication is moderately high, its effects are seldom serious, provided the situation is appreciated and suitable treatment given. The length of time the child spends in the hospital is, however, often greatly prolonged and occasionally operation proves necessary for removal of a subdural membrane. Since the subdural hematoma is an artefact occurring in the course of treatment, its removal does not influence the ultimate prognosis.

TAMI-01. BRAIN METASTASES: CURRENT LITERATURE REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi198-vi198
Author(s):  
Ruchi Raval ◽  
Aadi Pandya ◽  
Jaspreet Behl ◽  
Sumul Raval
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Anticoagulation Therapy ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Cancer Breast ◽  
The Brain

Abstract PURPOSE As more information is gathered about brain metastases, it still remains that the current prognosis of brain metastases is very poor. Due to this, it is imperative that physicians are aware of the most important components regarding brain metastases. This literature review will encompass the most current literature in order to highlight the most crucial information. METHODS All mentioned studies and literature reviews cited in the paper were obtained through various sites, and were published between 1996 and 2017. The main components that were required from the papers reviewed included where in the body the brain metastases originated from, where in the brain they tended to spread to, what the signs and symptoms typical of patients with brain metastases are, and what the options are in terms of treatment. RESULTS Using the results from a variety of studies performed within the past three decades, it is apparent that brain metastases most commonly originate from, in order of increasing frequency, lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, and colorectal cancer. In addition, it is reaffirmed that the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the best diagnostic tool to be used when dealing with brain metastases. The most frequent signs and symptoms of a brain metastases include cognitive changes, headaches, weakness, and seizures. Finally, supportive treatment includes use of corticosteroids, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and anticoagulation therapy. Definitive treatment for brain metastases varies based on size, location, and prevalence in the brain, but the most effective options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. CONCLUSIONS The study’s results confirm the need for more research to be done regarding brain metastases, and better options to increase the survival of patients.

Lyme Disease: Acute Focal Meningoencephalitis in a Child

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 931-934
Author(s):  
HENRY M. FEDER ◽  
EDWIN L. ZALNERAITIS ◽  
LOUIS REIK
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Tick Bite ◽  
System Involvement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Csf Pleocytosis ◽  
The Brain

Nervous system involvement in Lyme disease was originally described as meningitis, cranial neuritis, and radiculoneuritis,1-3 but Lyme disease can also involve the brain parenchyma. We describe a child whose first manifestation of Lyme disease was an acute, focal meningoencephalitis with signs and symptoms such as fever, headache, slurred speech, hemiparesis, seizure, and CSF pleocytosis. CASE REPORT A 7-year-old boy was hospitalized Aug 27, 1985, because of hemiparesis. Six weeks prior to admission he had vacationed at Old Lyme, CT. There was no history of rash or tick bite. He had been well until eight hours prior to admission when fever and headache developed.

scholarly journals The induced dose of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was not determinant and proportional to histopathological findings

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiara Carolina Perussolo ◽  
Bassam Felipe Mogharbel ◽  
Lucia de Noronha ◽  
Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Histopathological Findings ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

Abstract Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, characterized as an inflammatory demyelinating disease. It presents a diversity of neurologic signs and symptoms as well the incapacities. Since the need for advances in MS treatment, many studies are for new therapeutic technologies, mainly through using preclinical models as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This study aimed to observe and analyze the development in Lewis rats-induced model of EAE. Methods It was used 23 females of Rattus norvegicus, from 6 to 8 weeks, weighing around 170 g. Of 23 rats, 19 underwent EAE induction distributed in six groups to establish the evolution of clinical signs. B. pertussis toxin (PTX) doses were 200, 250, 300, 350–400 ng, and four animals as the control group. The animals had weight and scores analyzed daily, starting seven and ending 24 days after induction. Then, all animals were euthanized, and the brain and spinal cord were collected for histopathological analyses. Results The results showed that the dose of 250 ng of PTX induced de higher score and weight reduction. All groups who received the PTX demonstrated histopathological findings. Those characterized as leukocyte infiltration, activation of microglia and astrocytes, and demyelinated plaques in the brain. In the spinal cord, the loosening of the myelinated fibers was observed by increasing the axonal space in all tested doses of PTX. Conclusions EAE was not dose-dependent. Histopathological findings do not proportionally related to clinical signs, as in human patients with MS.

scholarly journals So What? Implications of Network Theory for Research and Practice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Payton J. Jones ◽  
Donald Robinaugh
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Behavioral Therapies ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Therapies ◽  
Disease Entities ◽  
The Brain

Research and practice in psychiatry and clinical psychology have been guided by differing schools of thought over the years. Recently, the network theory of psychopathology has arisen as a framework for thinking about mental health. Network theory challenges three assumptions common in the field: (1) psychological problems are caused by disease entities that exist independently of their signs and symptoms, (2) classification and diagnosis of psychological problems should follow a medical model, and (3) psychological problems are caused by diseases or aberrations in the brain. Conversely, it embraces many other assumptions that are already well accepted in clinical practice (e.g., the interaction of thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, as posited in cognitive-behavioral therapies) and integrates those assumptions into a coherent framework for research and practice. We review developments in the network theory with a focus on anxiety-related conditions, discuss future areas for change, and outline implications of the theory for both research and clinical practice.

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