Experimental Studies of a Perceptual Anomaly. II. Confirmatory and Explanatory Experiments

1952 ◽  
Vol 98 (413) ◽  
pp. 605-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Test ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Measurable Change

The first paper in this series described a number of experiments on a single subject, carried out to investigate an anomaly observed during performance of the Kohs Blocks test. This anomaly consisted of making the model correctly but rotated. (Illustration 1.)The first hypothesis adopted to explain this observation was that anomalies of perception are functions of disturbed figure-ground relations (Goldstein and Scheerer, 1941). This hypothesis is not precise enough to permit a deduction which would make possible an exact experimental test, i.e., a deduction defining the conditions which would produce a measurable change in the rotation phenomenon. It was therefore necessary to arrive at more definite ideas about figure-ground relations. Such ideas were found in three hypotheses developed by Goldstein and Scheerer (1941) to account for variations in speed of carrying out the Block Design test. The first of these is that the square orientation (e.g., Cards a and b in Illustration 2) of a figure would tend to diminish the frequency of appearance of the anomaly, while the diamond orientation would increase it (e.g., Cards c and d in Illustration 2).

Investigation of Regression-Based Effect Size Methods Developed in Single-Subject Studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 014544552110540
Author(s):  
Nihal Sen
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Single Subject Design ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Design Studies ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
The Difference ◽  
D Values ◽  
Effect Size Calculation

The purpose of this study is to provide a brief introduction to effect size calculation in single-subject design studies, including a description of nonparametric and regression-based effect sizes. We then focus the rest of the tutorial on common regression-based methods used to calculate effect size in single-subject experimental studies. We start by first describing the difference between five regression-based methods (Gorsuch, White et al., Center et al., Allison and Gorman, Huitema and McKean). This is followed by an example using the five regression-based effect size methods and a demonstration how these methods can be applied using a sample data set. In this way, the question of how the values obtained from different effect size methods differ was answered. The specific regression models used in these five regression-based methods and how these models can be obtained from the SPSS program were shown. R2 values obtained from these five methods were converted to Cohen’s d value and compared in this study. The d values obtained from the same data set were estimated as 0.003, 0.357, 2.180, 3.470, and 2.108 for the Allison and Gorman, Gorsuch, White et al., Center et al., as well as for Huitema and McKean methods, respectively. A brief description of selected statistical programs available to conduct regression-based methods was given.

scholarly journals Efficacy and Effectiveness of Physical Therapy in Enhancing Postural Control in Children With Cerebral Palsy

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 229-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan R. Harris ◽  
Lori Roxborough
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Physical Therapy ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Reference List ◽  
Children With Cerebral Palsy

The purpose of this article was to conduct a systematic review of studies that examined the efficacy and effectiveness of postural control intervention strategies for children with CP. Only physical therapy interventions were included, e.g. adaptive seating devices, ankle foot orthoses, neurodevelopmental treatment. A multifaceted search strategy was employed to identify all potential studies published between 1990 and 2004. The search strategy included electronic databases, reference list scanning, author and citation tracking of relevant studies, and hand searching of pediatric physical therapy journals and conference proceedings. Twelve studies (1991–2004), comprising ten group design studies and two single subject studies, met our inclusion criteria. A variety of age ranges and severity of children with cerebral palsy (n = 132) participated in the studies. The study quality scores ranged from 2 to 7 (total possible range of 0 to 7) with a median score of 5.5 and a mode of 6. As was true in an earlier systematic review on adaptive seating, most of the 12 ‘experimental’ studies published since 1990 that were aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of postural control strategies provided lower levels of evidence, i.e. Sackett Levels III to V. Additional studies with stronger designs are needed to establish that postural control interventions for children with CP are effective.

Covert Neuromuscular Activity of the Dominant Forearm during Visualization of a Motor Task

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry R. Livesay ◽  
Michael R. Samaras
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Neuromuscular Activity ◽  
Comparison Test ◽  
Hand Size ◽  
Rubber Ball ◽  
Significant Change

This study evaluated specific covert neuromuscular activity during a silent visualization exercise. 30 subjects participated in a dual-baseline single-subject procedure. The experimental test condition required the subjects to visualize themselves squeezing a hand-size rubber ball as tightly as possible for 1 min. In the comparison test condition, subjects were asked to imagine the ‘sun setting on the horizon’ for 1 min. Visualization of the motor task brought about significant ( p < .05) increases in dominant forearm EMG (μV) and heart-rate activity (bpm) from rest to the experimental test condition. Nondominant forearm activity showed no significant changes from rest to either test condition, and heart-rate activity (bpm) showed no significant change from rest to the comparison visualization task.

Train the Trainer Effectiveness Trials of Behavioral Intervention for Individuals With Autism: A Systematic Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 436-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Yoshiko Shire ◽  
Connie Kasari
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Autism Symptoms ◽  
Improvement Rate ◽  
Train The Trainer ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Effectiveness Trials

Abstract This systematic review examines train the trainer (TTT) effectiveness trials of behavioral interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Published methodological quality scales were used to assess studies including participant description, research design, intervention, outcomes, and analysis. Twelve studies including 9 weak quality quasi-experimental studies, 2 single-subject experimental design studies of moderate and weak quality, and 1 high quality randomized control trial were included. Overall, author reported effect sizes and calculation of improvement rate difference for SSRDs indicate positive effects of intervention across participant outcomes including cognition, language, and autism symptoms postcommunity delivered interventions primarily based in applied behavior analysis. Effects varied by children's developmental level.

Experimental Studies of a Perceptual Anomaly. III. The Testing of an Explanatory Theory

1953 ◽  
Vol 99 (416) ◽  
pp. 394-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Rotation Effect ◽  
Explanatory Theory ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject

This is the third of a series of articles reporting an investigation of the block design rotation effect. This effect is shown by some patients when they are doing the Kohs' Blocks Test, which is known in other forms as the Block Design Test. In this test the subject has to reproduce patterns with the aid of diversely coloured one-inch cubes. It was observed that some patients, while they reproduced these patterns correctly, left their blocks in an obviously rotated position, apparently with no idea that anything was amiss (see Illus tration i). Such rotation can often be as great as 45°.

Experimental Studies of a Perceptual Anomaly

1958 ◽  
Vol 104 (436) ◽  
pp. 792-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Shapiro ◽  
Barbara Tizard
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Rotation Effect ◽  
The Subject

The experiment to be reported in this paper stems from previous work on the block design rotation effect (Shapiro, 2, 3, 4; Yates, 9, 10; Williams, Lubin et al., 7). As is well known, the block design test in its various forms: Kohs, Wechsler and Goldstein Scheerer, requires the subject to reproduce, with one-inch multi-coloured cubes, a series of abstract designs. It has been reported by a number of observers that subjects sometimes leave their reproductions in a rotated position, although otherwise the designs have been correctly reproduced.

scholarly journals Nasal architecture: form and flow

2008 ◽  
Vol 366 (1879) ◽  
pp. 3225-3246 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J Doorly ◽  
D.J Taylor ◽  
A.M Gambaruto ◽  
R.C Schroter ◽  
N Tolley
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Internal Flow ◽  
Control Flow ◽  
Flow Structures ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Intimate Relation ◽  
Dynamical Features ◽  
And Control

Current approaches to model nasal airflow are reviewed in this study, and new findings presented. These new results make use of improvements to computational and experimental techniques and resources, which now allow key dynamical features to be investigated, and offer rational procedures to relate variations in anatomical form. Specifically, both replica and simplified airways of a single subject were investigated and compared with the replica airways of two other individuals with overtly differing geometries. Procedures to characterize and compare complex nasal airway geometry are first outlined. It is then shown that coupled computational and experimental studies, capable of obtaining highly resolved data, reveal internal flow structures in both intrinsically steady and unsteady situations. The results presented demonstrate that the intimate relation between nasal form and flow can be explored in greater detail than hitherto possible. By outlining means to compare complex airway geometries and demonstrating the effects of rational geometric simplification on the flow structure, this work offers a fresh approach to studies of how natural conduits guide and control flow. The concepts and tools address issues that are thus generic to flow studies in other physiological systems.

scholarly journals Multiband acceleration can provide moderate improvements in single-subject voxel-wise statistics in block-design task-based fMRI

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritu Bhandari ◽  
Valeria Gazzola ◽  
Christian Keysers
Keyword(s):  
Action Observation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Action Observation Network ◽  
Observation Network ◽  
Single Subjects ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMultiband (MB) acceleration of functional magnetic resonance imaging has become more widely available to neuroscientists. Here we compare MB factors of 1, 2 and 4 while participants view complex hand actions vs. simpler hand movements to localize the action observation network. While in a previous study, we show that MB4 shows moderate improvements in the group-level statistics, here we explore the impact it has on single subject statistics. We find that MB4 provides an increase in p values at the first level that is of medium effect size compared to MB1, providing moderate evidence across a number of voxels that MB4 indeed improves single subject statistics. This effect was localized mostly within regions that belong to the action observation network. In parallel, we find that Cohen’s d at the single subject level actually decreases using MB4 compared to MB1. Intriguingly, we find that subsampling MB4 sequences, by only considering every fourth acquired volume, also leads to increased Cohen’s d values, suggesting that the FAST algorithm we used to correct for temporal auto-correlation may over-penalize sequences with higher temporal autocorrelation, thereby underestimating the potential gains in single subject statistics offered by MB acceleration, and alternative methods should be explored. In summary, considering the moderate gains in statistical values observed both at the group level in our previous study and at the single subject level in this study, we believe that MB technology is now ripe for neuroscientists to start using MB4 acceleration for their studies, be it to accurately map activity in single subjects of interest (e.g. for presurgical planning or to explore rare patients) or for the purpose of group studies.

scholarly journals Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Analysis Studies in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-128
Author(s):  
Santonu Das ◽  
◽  
C. Karak ◽  
S. Roy ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation

The present investigation was carried out at Kalyani Simanta District Seed Farm, Kalyani, Nadia under BCKV during Pre-kharif season of 2018-19. Ten genotypes of cowpea were grown in randomized block design with three replications. The genotypes were studied for twelve characters viz, plant height at maturity, number of flower inflorescence-1, number of primary branches plant-1, leaf area, number of pods plant-1, pod weight, number of grains pod-1, pod length, biological yield plant-1, area of primary leaf, hundred grain weight and grain yield plant-1. The experimental studies revealed substantial amount of genetic variability among the genotypes under study. In general, phenotypic coefficients of variation were higher in magnitude than genotypic coefficient of variation. The characters pod yield plant-1 and plant height at maturity showed comparatively higher estimates of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation indicating high level of variability and ample scope for effective improvement. The higher estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean indicated additive gene action for the above characters. Correlation studies revealed strong positive association of pod yield plant-1, hundred grain weight with grain yield plant-1. The path analysis studies indicated that the characters number of pods plant-1 and days to first pod maturity bearing direct positive effect on grain yield, could be the selection criteria for genetic improvement of grain yield plant-1 in cowpea population under study. Thus, the genotypes PL-3, PL-5, Mousumi Laffa are observed as desirable among the population for future use in breeding programme, as these genotypes had good performance for the important quantitative traits.

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