Structural Damage in the March 2005 Nias-Simeulue Earthquake

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 419-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teddy Boen
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Sumatra Earthquake ◽  
Epicentral Area

Nias and Simeulue islands, which are west of Sumatra, suffered structural damage, largely from shaking, during a large earthquake on 28 March 2005. This earthquake occurred in roughly the same epicentral area as the 26 December 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake. Within a few days of the 28 March earthquake, a team set out from Jakarta to survey the earthquake damage on both islands.

The island of Hawaii earthquakes of November 29, 1975: Strong-motion data and damage reconnaissance report

1977 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-515
Author(s):  
Christopher Rojahn ◽  
B. J. Morrill
Keyword(s):  
Local Time ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Maximum Acceleration ◽  
Epicentral Area ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Motion Data ◽  
Large Sector ◽  
Threshold Duration ◽  
Strong Ground

Abstract Two earthquakes occurred on the island of Hawaii on November 29, 1975, a magnitude (Ms) 5.7 event at 0335 (local time) and a magnitude (Ms) 7.2 event at 0447. During the larger event, a maximum acceleration of 0.22 g was recorded in the southern part of Hilo, 43 km north of the epicenter. A 0.05 g threshold duration of 13.7 sec was measured for the same component. Smaller amplitude accelerograph records were obtained at two other locations on the island along with four seismoscope records. During or subsequent to the larger event, a large sector of the southeastern coastline subsided by as much as 3.5 meters. A tsunami generated by the larger event caused at least one death (one person also missing), injury to 28 persons, and significant structural and nonstructural damage. Only scattered evidence of strong ground shaking was observed in the epicentral area, and most of the several dozen nearby structures sustained little or no structural damage from ground shaking. In Hilo, 45 km north of the Ms = 7.2 epicenter, structural and nonstructural damage was slight to moderate but more extensive than elsewhere on the island.

Source mechanism and aftershock study of the Colima, Mexico earthquake of January 30, 1973

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1819-1840
Author(s):  
A. Reyes ◽  
J. N. Brune ◽  
Cinna Lomnitz
Keyword(s):  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Focal Depth ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Seismic Gap ◽  
Fault Plane Solutions ◽  
Epicentral Area ◽  
Middle America Trench ◽  
Source Dimensions ◽  
Middle America ◽  
Set Up

abstract The Colima earthquake (magnitude 7.5) occurred just inland from the Middle America Trench, 110 km south of the Volcan de Colima and 160 km southeast of Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico. Damage at several cities and towns was severe, 30 people were killed, and hundreds were injured. Four days after the earthquake, a six-station portable seismograph array was set up in the epicentral area as part of a cooperative program between UCSD, the University of Mexico, and the Mexican Federal Power Commission. From about 330 aftershocks recorded in the following 212 weeks, accurate locations were obtained for 50. One large aftershock had a magnitude of 6.2, the others range in local magnitude from 1.5 to 4.5. The locations outline a region approximately 90 km long and 60 km wide, in nearly the same location as the aftershock zone inferred by Kelleher et al. (1973) for the 1941 earthquake. The focal depth of the aftershocks (ranging from 2 to 30 km) and the fault-plane solutions for the main event indicated a shallow dipping thrust plane (about 30°). The seismic moment estimated from mantle rayleigh waves is 3 × 1027 dyne-cm. The pattern of aftershocks was used to estimate the source dimensions. From the moment and source dimensions the average slip was estimated to be about 1.4 m, corresponding to a stress drop of about 8 bars. The occurrence of this earthquake is discussed in terms of the general seismicity of the Middle America Trench, the convergence rate predicted by plate tectonics, and the use of seismic gap theory for earthquake prediction. The fact that this earthquake may have been in the zone of the 1941 earthquake rather than in the adjacent seismic gap, suggests that caution must be taken in using seismic gap theory to predict earthquakes in the region. It further suggests that in the adjacent seismic gap a large earthquake may be eminent, and thus the gap may be an important area for deploying seismic instruments.

The 16 April 2016 Ecuador Earthquake Damage Assessment Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 1201-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Villalobos ◽  
Chungwook Sim ◽  
J. Paul Smith-Pardo ◽  
Pedro Rojas ◽  
Santiago Pujol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Column Height ◽  
Priority Index ◽  
Index Pairs ◽  
Assessment Survey ◽  
Earthquake Damage Assessment

A damage assessment survey of 169 low-rise reinforced concrete buildings was conducted following the 16 April 2016 Ecuador earthquake. Forty-four percent of the buildings surveyed sustained severe structural damage. Using the collected data, seismic vulnerability indices were calculated to examine their correlation with damage observations. It was found that 92% of the buildings with observed severe structural damage had calculated wall and column index pairs (WI, CI) that satisfied the relation WI+CI/2 < 0.2%. The frequency of damage was lower for higher-priority index values, defined as the sum of CI+WI. Furthermore, frequency of damage in buildings with captive columns was observed to decrease with window height-to-column height ratios of more than 20%.

scholarly journals Liquefaction phenomena along the paleo-Reno River caused by the May 20, 2012, Emilia (northern Italy) earthquake

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgos Papathanassiou ◽  
Riccardo Caputo ◽  
Dimitra Rapti-Caputo
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Seismic Profiles ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Po River ◽  
Maximum Acceleration ◽  
Epicentral Area ◽  
Industrial Buildings ◽  
Moderate Earthquake ◽  
Dense Grid

<p>On the May 20, 2012 (04:03:52 local time; 02:03:52 UTC), a moderate earthquake (Ml 5.9) [Scognamiglio et al. 2012, this volume] with a focal mechanism showing E-W-trending, S-dipping, reverse-faulting occurred in the eastern sector of the alluvial plain of the Po River, close to the border between the Regions of Emilia-Romagna and Lombardia (northern Italy). The tectonic structure is completely blind, but it was well known from a dense grid of seismic profiles for hydrocarbon explorations [e.g., Pieri and Groppi 1981, Toscani et al. 2009]. The earthquake triggered extensive liquefaction-induced ground effects at the surface, and caused severe structural damage to nonreinforced masonry and precast industrial buildings within the broader epicentral area. The hypocenter was at 44.89 ˚N, 11.23 ˚E, at a depth of 6.3 km [Scognamiglio et al. 2012], while the maximum acceleration was recorded in Mirandola, with peak ground acceleration 310 cm/s2 and 264 cm/s2 along the vertical and horizontal components, respectively [Bozzoni et al. 2012, this volume]. In this report, we focus on a zone including the Sant'A-gostino, San Carlo and Mirabello villages (west Ferrara Province), which were built along an abandoned reach of the Reno River and where liquefaction phenomena were particularly diffuse, with very intense local effects. […]</p>

scholarly journals A morpho-tectonic approach to the study of earthquakes in Rome

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Marra ◽  
Alberto Frepoli ◽  
Dario Gioia ◽  
Marcello Schiattarella ◽  
Andrea Tertulliani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Control ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Epicentral Area ◽  
Strong Earthquakes ◽  
Tectonic Regime ◽  
Moderate Earthquake ◽  
Extreme Degree ◽  
Degree Of Fragmentation ◽  
Buried Faults

Abstract. Rome has the world’s longest historical record of felt earthquakes, with more than 100 events during the last 2,600 years. However, no destructive earthquake has been reported in the sources and all of the greatest damage suffered in the past has been attributed to far-field events. While this fact suggests that a moderate seismotectonic regime characterizes the Rome area, no study has provided a comprehensive explanation for the lack of strong earthquakes in the region. Through the analysis of the focal mechanism and the morphostructural setting of the epicentral area of a "typical" moderate earthquake (ML = 3.3) that recently occurred in the northern urban area of Rome, we demonstrate that this event reactivated a buried segment of an ancient fault generated under both a different and a stronger tectonic regime than that which is presently active. We also show that the evident structural control over the drainage network in this area reflects an extreme degree of fragmentation of a set of buried faults generated under two competing stress fields throughout the Pleistocene. Small faults and a present-day weaker tectonic regime with respect to that acting during the Pleistocene explain the lack of strong seismicity and imply that a large earthquake could not reasonably occur.

Cause and level of treatment of injuries from earthquake damage to commercial buildings in New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 1254-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Yeow ◽  
Andrew Baird ◽  
Helen Ferner ◽  
Michael Ardagh ◽  
Joanne Deely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Injury Occurrence ◽  
Injury Burden

This study assesses the number of injuries directly caused by structural and non-structural damage within New Zealand commercial buildings from notable shaking events between 2010 and 2014 and the treatment level required. After applying filtering to a comprehensive New Zealand earthquake-induced injury database, 947 injuries matched this study’s scope, of which 174 were fatal. Collapse or movement of non-structural elements caused 556 injuries; though over 85% were treated outside hospitals and none were fatal. In contrast, 60% of the 220 structural damage-related injuries were fatal. The high injury occurrence from non-structural damage highlights its high risk of injury burden. The two leading causes of non-structural damage-related injuries were movement and/or damage of contents (e.g. furniture) and ceiling and services damage. This emphasizes the importance of reducing injury from movement and damage of non-structural elements during earthquake shaking, in addition to reducing fatalities by preventing structural and masonry collapse.

A Study on the Stress Interaction Between Annular Plate and Foundation of the Oil Storage Tank

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itsuo Kawama
Keyword(s):  
Storage Tank ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Annular Plate ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Oil Storage ◽  
Earthquake Force ◽  
Oil Storage Tank ◽  
Foundation Structure

The annular area of the cylindrical oil storage tank is the part which is received the structural damage from the earthquake force. The design method of the foundation in this area is only to check the bearing pressure from the tank structure to the foundation. However, the deformation of annular plate and foundation are important value at the large earthquake. The safety of this area must be decided by the interaction of foundation and tank structure. This study examined the effect of foundation structure and material on the annular area of the tank by the finite element method. The result from this examination is showing that the crushed stone under the annular area of the tank is important to resist the earthquake force from tank structure.

5 May 2014 MW 6.1 Mae Lao (Northern Thailand) Earthquake: Interpretations of Recorded Ground Motion and Structural Damage

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 1209-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teraphan Ornthammarath ◽  
Pennung Warnitchai
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Shear Failure ◽  
Main Shock ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Earthquake Catalog ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Epicentral Area ◽  
Soft Story ◽  
The Town

A moderate left-lateral strike-slip earthquake of MW 6.1 occurred on 5 May 2014 in northern Thailand, causing damage to the town of Mae Lao and nearby municipalities. Based on an instrumental earthquake catalog, the Mae Lao earthquake is the second largest earthquake in modern Thai history after the MW 6.3 Nan earthquake in 1935. In this study, the strong-motion records from the epicentral area are analyzed in order to investigate the characteristics of the ground motions. In addition, post-earthquake field observations and statistics for typical structural damage in the affected area, such as the soft story effect and the shear failure of columns, are summarized. Besides major structural damage, the majority of structures in the epicentral area withstood the strong motion, which could be due to the low stress drop of the main shock (40 bars) leading to below average ground motions for an MW 6.1 earthquake.

Damage Patterns from Satellite Images of the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 295-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Rathje ◽  
Melba Crawford ◽  
Kyuseok Woo ◽  
Amy Neuenschwander
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Extent Of Damage ◽  
Earthquake Effects ◽  
The City

High-resolution (0.6m) commercial satellite images contain a wealth of information for mapping earthquake damage. Satellite images of the city of Bam, acquired on 30 September 2003 (pre-earthquake) and 03 January 2004 (post-earthquake), were obtained and used to distinguish damage patterns across the city. Comparisons between pre- and post-earthquake images clearly show structural damage and collapse. Using spectral (color) and textural information from the post-earthquake image, regions of damage were identified using a semi-automated computer-based algorithm. This analysis indicates that the damage within the city of Bam was concentrated in the eastern sections of the city. The extent of damage in some sections of the city reached 100%. The results from this study not only provide information regarding damage patterns for the city of Bam, but they also illustrate the potential for using satellite images to understand and document earthquake effects during future earthquakes.

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