Observed Seismic Behavior of Buildings in Northern Pakistan during the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amjad Naseer ◽  
Akhtar Naeem Khan ◽  
Zakir Hussain ◽  
Qaisar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Behavior ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
North West ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
The North ◽  
Concrete Blocks ◽  
2005 Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

Recent earthquakes in Pakistan demonstrated that the region is highly seismic. Masonry buildings constructed with stones, concrete blocks, and fired-clay bricks and concrete buildings were damaged during the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake. This paper presents the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings in northern part of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Kashmir during the earthquake. Most of the buildings were observed to be nonengineered or semi-engineered. The paper presents an overview of the 1937 Quetta building code and the 1986 and 2007 building codes of Pakistan. Lessons learned during the earthquake are also presented.

scholarly journals The challenges of reconstruction after the October 2005 Kashmir earthquake

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Mumtaz ◽  
S. Habib Mughal ◽  
Maggie Stephenson ◽  
Jitendra K. Bothara
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
The North ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
2005 Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
The Government ◽  
Housing Reconstruction

The 8th October 2005 Kashmir Earthquake was one the largest earthquakes in Northern Pakistan in its recorded history. It caused an unprecedented level of damage and destruction in Pakistan Administered Kashmir (PAK) and the North Western Frontier Province (NWFP). It damaged or collapsed more than 0.6 million buildings - leaving 3.5 million people shelter less as winter approached. A large part of the earthquake-affected area is difficult to access and highly snow-prone, with rugged terrain and scattered settlements. It posed unique challenges and efforts on a massive-scale for reconstruction. For residential buildings, the Pakistan government adopted a house-owner driven approach. The reconstruction policy stated that the government and other agencies would provide equal technical assistance and subsidy to each family, without differentiating between who lost what. To increase capacity in earthquake-resistant construction, large-scale training of artisans, technicians, engineers, and community mobilisers has been conducted. Campaigns to “build back better” have raised awareness in the communities. Local Housing Reconstruction Centres have been established for training, advice, and dissemination of earthquake-resistant technology. This decentralised approach has helped in achieving reconstruction smoothly. This paper will present the authors’ first-hand experience in the reconstruction effort, and the opportunities and unique challenges faced.

Modeling of social management organization in three communes with special difficulties in three poor districts (Program 30A) in the North West, Central Highlands and the South West - Results and lessons learned

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Thi Thanh Minh
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
West Central ◽  
Central Highlands ◽  
New Countryside ◽  
Social Management

Analysis of the specific results of the organizational model of social management, we found that the model of the project “Building a model of organization building community New Rural in 3 poor communes towels in 3 districts of poverty (Program 30A) of the three regions North West, Central Highlands and Southwest “ has made a very positive impact on the community, contributing very important in improving the internal resources of rural communities villages in new countryside construction. Through the activities of the awareness project of ethnic minorities are enhanced. They have learned to use scientific and technical advances in cultivation and intensive farming; maintaining clean, beautiful village. Conventions of villages hamlets have been revised and supplemented to meet the requirements of law and relevant customs and practices, local knowledge, ethnic psychological characteristics of rural communities villages; community spirit of each of the households increasingly advanced workers

scholarly journals The aftershock sequence of the north-west Kashmir earthquake of September 3, 1972

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. SRIVASTAVA ◽  
R. K. S. CHOUHAN ◽  
R. NIGAM
Keyword(s):  
Upper Mantle ◽  
B Value ◽  
Aftershock Sequence ◽  
Creep Recovery ◽  
Average Strain ◽  
Shear Creep ◽  
Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Total Average

This paper is an attempt to study the aftershock sequence of the Northwest Kashmir earthquake of September 3, 1972. b value of the sequence is 1.59. The area of active strain zone is approximately 2.9 • ]013 sq. cm. The total average strain, average elastic energy and average stress of the rock before slip are 3.3 • 10~5, 3.2 ergs/cm3 and 19.8 kg/cm2. The strain rebound curve of the sequence has been constructed which shows a dual type of recovery where the compressional elastic creep is followed by the shear creep recovery. The relaxation time of the sequence is about 0.7 day, showing the Kelvin body like behaviour of the upper mantle.

scholarly journals Labour ward incidents and potential claims – lessons learned from research

Clinical Risk ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 235-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Ashcroft
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Night Shift ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Shoulder Dystocia ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
North West ◽  
The North

This paper provides an insight into the underlying factors involved in potential cerebral palsy and/or shoulder dystocia claims. The research was undertaken to identify the root causes of 37 cases of birth asphyxia in term infants severe enough to warrant admission to neonatal care units in the north-west of England between 2001 and 2002. All available staff ( n = 93) providing care during critical periods were interviewed by the author using the cognitive interviewing technique. These included 81 midwives, two consultant obstetricians, eight registrars and two senior house officers. An expert panel consisting of consultant obstetricians, midwives, a consultant neonatologist and the researcher applied the Bolam test to identify instances where care had been substandard and injury caused as a result. Although the cases were often complex, covering more than one shift and over more than one stage of labour, the most dangerous time appeared to be during the night shift (19 cases, 51%), followed by the evening shift (13 cases, 35%) and then the day shift (five cases, 14%). The main problems include: failure to respond appropriately to signs of fetal hypoxia (26 cases, 70%); undiagnosed obstruction (22 cases, 59%), which was broken down into failure to identify cephalopelvic disproportion (13 cases, 35%); and shoulder dystocia (nine cases, 24%). Delayed resuscitation of the infant occurred in 26 cases (80%), and in 18 cases (49%) there was excessive and inappropriate use of Syntocinon. All cases involved human error, either through a delay or failure to take action, or taking inappropriate action. However, these were all underpinned and perpetuated by system and cultural errors present in the labour wards, such as allowing unsupported and inexperienced personnel to work in a position for which they lacked the necessary skill and experience. This was perpetuated by the customary practice of using unsupervised junior medical staff in a first on-call position for complications, and also of failing to sustain safe midwifery staffing levels. This in turn prevented support for more inexperienced staff. Consequently, when inexperienced midwives and obstetricians were left unsupervised in charge of complicated cases, it created accidents waiting to happen. When unsupervised and inexperienced paediatricians attended the birth of an asphyxiated infant, the child's condition deteriorated further when they were unable to resuscitate it. If such system and cultural errors as these are not rectified, the current high rate of damaged babies is likely to continue.

Application of formation pressure while drilling in Australia: North West Shelf examples

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 568
Author(s):  
Dmitry Molohkov ◽  
Andy Pietsch ◽  
Jack Harfoushian ◽  
Shahid Azizul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Drill Pipe ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Formation Pressure ◽  
Well Control ◽  
North West ◽  
Service Companies ◽  
The North ◽  
Essential Input ◽  
Formation Pore Pressure

Since its introduction in the 1950s, the point-by-point wireline formation pressure measurement technique has been successfully used for formation evaluation and reservoir management, and has been an essential input into reservoir models. In exploration and appraisal wells, where depletion has not yet affected the reservoir, vertical pressure profiling can be used for fluid gradient determination that may be interpreted in terms of fluid densities and contacts. In a dynamic producing environment pressure measurements can help to identify vertical and horizontal boundaries and communication. Measurement of pressure distribution along the borehole was historically done with wireline instruments or, in difficult logging conditions, with wireline instruments conveyed by drill pipe. In some environments, especially in highly deviated and S-shaped wells or unconsolidated formations, drill pipe conveyance of wireline formation pressure testers introduces significant operational risk. Formation Pressure While Drilling (FPWD), introduced in 2003, offers a new cost-effective solution for gathering formation pressure data. FPWD is a new method to directly measure formation pore pressure as the well is being drilled, extending its application beyond traditional fluid typing, contacts and compartmentalisation determination to well control and drilling optimisation. The market for FPWD is developing rapidly with all major service companies providing their own implementations of the technology. The next step in the evolution of FPWD technology—sampling while drilling—is not commercially available yet, but this is just a matter of time. The case history presented in this extended abstract is an example of the application and lessons learned from the FPWD service used in one of the oil fields on the North West Shelf, Australia.

Influence of Cladding Material on the Vapor Permeability of Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) Concrete

2015 ◽  
Vol 725-726 ◽  
pp. 529-536
Author(s):  
Julia Dunaevskaya ◽  
Daria Zaborova ◽  
Artemy Churakov ◽  
Artem Korsun
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Lightweight Aggregate ◽  
Recent Time ◽  
Vapor Permeability ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Concrete Blocks ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
The Town ◽  
Cladding Material

The demand for town houses using the constructions of lightweight conrete is growing rapidly in recent time. One of the most common building materials for cottage construction is lightweight aggregate blocks. An important role for lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) concrete plays such a property as vapor permeability. This paper presents the results of vapor permeability test of the samples, the analysis and recommendations for construction of the building. These samples were taken from the LECA concrete blocks covered by unidentified cladding, of which one of the town houses was under construction in the North-West of Russia. An assumption has been made that the unidentified cladding may cause losses to the building’s wall enclosure.

scholarly journals General observations of building behaviour during the 8th October 2005 Pakistan earthquake

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitendra K. Bothara ◽  
Kubilây M O Hiçyılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Frame ◽  
Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
Concrete Frame ◽  
The North ◽  
2005 Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
Property Loss ◽  
Building Behaviour ◽  
Stone Walls

The paper presents the authors’ observations on the performance of buildings during the 8th October 2005, Kashmir earthquake in parts of Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and the North Western Frontier Province of Pakistan. A majority of the buildings in the earthquake region were non-engineered, owner-built, loadbearing masonry or reinforced concrete framed structures. Most of the masonry buildings were built with random or semi-dressed stone-walls without any reinforcement. The reinforced concrete frame buildings were deficient in strength, lacked ductile detailing and were poorly constructed. A large number of such buildings collapsed, leading to widespread destruction and loss of life. The building damage was the main cause behind the human and property loss. The collapse of floor and roof structures, the brittle behaviour of concrete buildings, a lack of integrity in masonry structures, and a lack of incorporation of seismically resistant features in building structures are found to be main reasons for the catastrophe.

SEM and TEM observations of sperm development in the testis of the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Daryl A. Cornish ◽  
George L. Smit
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Sem And Tem ◽  
Sperm Development ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics ◽  
The University

Oreochromis mossambicus is currently receiving much attention as a candidater species for aquaculture programs within Southern Africa. This has stimulated interest in its breeding cycle as well as the morphological characteristics of the gonads. Limited information is available on SEM and TEM observations of the male gonads. It is known that the testis of O. mossambicus is a paired, intra-abdominal structure of the lobular type, although further details of its characteristics are not known. Current investigations have shown that spermatids reach full maturity some two months after the female becomes gravid. Throughout the year, the testes contain spermatids at various stages of development although spermiogenesis appears to be maximal during November when spawning occurs. This paper describes the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the testes and spermatids.Specimens of this fish were collected at Syferkuil Dam, 8 km north- west of the University of the North over a twelve month period, sacrificed and the testes excised.

The North West Passage

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roald Amundsen ◽  
Godfred Hansen
Keyword(s):  
North West ◽  
The North
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