scholarly journals The challenges of reconstruction after the October 2005 Kashmir earthquake

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Mumtaz ◽  
S. Habib Mughal ◽  
Maggie Stephenson ◽  
Jitendra K. Bothara
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
The North ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
2005 Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
The Government ◽  
Housing Reconstruction

The 8th October 2005 Kashmir Earthquake was one the largest earthquakes in Northern Pakistan in its recorded history. It caused an unprecedented level of damage and destruction in Pakistan Administered Kashmir (PAK) and the North Western Frontier Province (NWFP). It damaged or collapsed more than 0.6 million buildings - leaving 3.5 million people shelter less as winter approached. A large part of the earthquake-affected area is difficult to access and highly snow-prone, with rugged terrain and scattered settlements. It posed unique challenges and efforts on a massive-scale for reconstruction. For residential buildings, the Pakistan government adopted a house-owner driven approach. The reconstruction policy stated that the government and other agencies would provide equal technical assistance and subsidy to each family, without differentiating between who lost what. To increase capacity in earthquake-resistant construction, large-scale training of artisans, technicians, engineers, and community mobilisers has been conducted. Campaigns to “build back better” have raised awareness in the communities. Local Housing Reconstruction Centres have been established for training, advice, and dissemination of earthquake-resistant technology. This decentralised approach has helped in achieving reconstruction smoothly. This paper will present the authors’ first-hand experience in the reconstruction effort, and the opportunities and unique challenges faced.

scholarly journals Boligblokker i hardt klima. Hesteskoblokka i Hammerfest og Ormen långe i Svappavaara

Nordlit ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Elin Haugdal
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
New Regionalism ◽  
Environmentally Conscious ◽  
Frozen Food ◽  
The North ◽  
Modernist Architecture

<p>Large scale residential buildings from the modernist era have been severly criticized for being hostile both towards people and the environment. In small towns and in less urbanized areas in northern Scandinavia such residential blocks are highly visible elements in the landscape. When <em>Hesteskoblokka</em> (architect Astrup and Hellern) was erected in the recreational area outside Hammerfest in 1965 it was the largest residential block in Norway. A similar block, <em>Ormen Långe </em>(architect Ralph Erskine), was completed in Svappavaara in 1965. Both buildings contained apartments for workers in, respectively, the frozen food company Findus and in LKAB mining company. Brand new, they were strong symbols of growing industrial activity and modernization of the north. The blocks were similarly heavily affected by the economic downturn in the following decades, turned into slum or vacated. However, these blocks are not only sociologically interesting, but also the first in the Nordic countries where the architects undertook climate analyses. Both Hesteskoblokka and Ormen Långe obtained their form according to topographical and climatic conditions. Thus they were part of a growing environmentally conscious architecture and a new regionalism within the modernist architecture. This article discusses the attempts of new regionalism in the late modern architecture in the north, and questions both its ideas and realizations.</p>

Alcohol and Politics in France

1957 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 976-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agency ◽  
The North ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

“On jongle trop avec la structure d'un Pays qui a été, dans le monde, le défenseur de l'individu, de la liberté, du sens de la mesure. Un petit paysan sur sa terre, n'est-il pas humainement autre chose que le chômeur de demain ou l'ouvrier qui sera condamné à fabriquer toute sa vie des boulons?”Le Betteravier Français, September 1956, page 1.Large-scale state intervention in the alcohol market in France dates from World War I, when the government committed itself to encourage the production of alcohol. Two chief reasons then lay back of this decision: a huge supply of alcohol was needed for the manufacture of gunpowder, and the devastation of the beet-growing regions of the north had severely limited production of beet alcohol, thereby throwing the domestic market out of balance. A law of 30 June 1916, adopted under emergency procedure, established a state agency empowered to purchase alcohol. At the end of the war, a decree of 1919 accorded the government the right “provisionally” to maintain the state monopoly. In 1922 the beetgrowers and winegrowers gave their support to the principle of a state monopoly which, in effect, reserved the industrial market for beet alcohol and the domestic market for viticulture. In 1931 the state was authorized to purchase alcohol distilled from surplus wine.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE PINE NUT PRODUCTIVE CHAIN IN RS: A COMPARISON WITH BRAZILIAN CHESTNUTS IN ACRE

FLORESTA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Elke Lima Santos ◽  
Jorge Antonio De Farias ◽  
Luana De Campos de Jesus ◽  
Débora Luana Pasa
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Pine Nut ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government

Brazil has a vast diversity of natural resources, which are important in the economic and social context of many families, identified through non-wood forest products (NWFP), among them chestnuts, in the north, and pine nut, in the south of the country. Thus, the objective of the work was to analyze the productive chain of the Brazilian chestnuts in order to establish and identify potentialities existing in its productive chain that can be used to promote the pine nut productive chain in the social, economic and environmental spheres. The study was carried out through the application of an open questionnaire, having as target audience representatives linked to the commercialization and research of both forest products. As a main result, it is evident that the pine nut has an incomplete production chain, presenting itself as a product with secondary representation in the formation of farmers' income, which contributes to the structure of pine nut commercialization being incipient. In addition, the lack of social organization for extractivism is responsible for the non-consolidation of the chain, coupled with the incipient process of industrialization and processing of the pine nut. which limits the added value of the product. There is a need for greater interest and attention on the part of the government with actions involving entities that can assist in the most different spheres, as well as providing technical assistance, research, and financial support. 

Building Domestic Support for West Germany's Integration into NATO, 1953–1955

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-162
Author(s):  
Jan Uelzmann
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Lower Saxony ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Public Sentiment ◽  
Competing Events ◽  
The Government ◽  
Domestic Support

Konrad Adenauer's government in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) engaged in a large-scale media campaign to create political consent for the FRG's integration into the West, a policy that rested to a large extent on rearmament and entry into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. To counter public criticism of rearmament, the West German authorities used Mobilwerbung, a company that maintained a fleet of mobile film screening vans. Clandestinely financed by the government, Mobilwerbung brought government-commissioned films and political speakers into the FRG's remotest areas. Based on archival records on deployments in Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, this article traces Mobilwerbung's role as a government unit that reacted dynamically to competing events. Through highly detailed reporting on audience reactions, Mobilwerbung served both as a public relations vehicle to foster consent and as an analytical tool that allowed the mapping of public sentiment regarding rearmament.

Observed Seismic Behavior of Buildings in Northern Pakistan during the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amjad Naseer ◽  
Akhtar Naeem Khan ◽  
Zakir Hussain ◽  
Qaisar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Behavior ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
North West ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
The North ◽  
Concrete Blocks ◽  
2005 Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

Recent earthquakes in Pakistan demonstrated that the region is highly seismic. Masonry buildings constructed with stones, concrete blocks, and fired-clay bricks and concrete buildings were damaged during the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake. This paper presents the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings in northern part of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Kashmir during the earthquake. Most of the buildings were observed to be nonengineered or semi-engineered. The paper presents an overview of the 1937 Quetta building code and the 1986 and 2007 building codes of Pakistan. Lessons learned during the earthquake are also presented.

scholarly journals Tadzhikistan-Russia: Geopolitical Relations at the Turn of the Century

2015 ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Z. S. Saidzoda
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Open Door Policy ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
The Government ◽  
Military Facilities

RETRACTEDIn this article the writer analyses the development peculiarities of the Tajik-Russian geopolitical relations during the establishment of Tajikistan foreign policy up to the commencement of multi-vector «open doors» policy in 2003-2004. Since the establishment of peace and stability in Tajikistan beginning from the year of 2000 the socio-economic development issues have been set as prior actions. To boost the economy, attraction of foreign investments, creation of new jobs and improvement of life standard of population were the issues to address. Political leaders of Tajikistan had no right to waste time making no headway. The country inevitably faced the issue of diversification of interstate and foreign economic relations, including outside the CIS. The article highlights that the foreign «open door» policy declared at the turn of2002-2003 implied mandatory modernization of the Tajik-Russian cooperation through strengthening its economic and human dimensions, adjusting the strategic partnership and alliance between the two states to the new global political realities. As to the geopolitical and military-political priorities, which Tajikistan had firmly adhered throughout the entire 1990th since its Independence, they actually remained unchanged even after 2002. The author points out the long-term Russian presence in the form of a large scale military base and military infrastructure on the territory of Tajikistan. The Republic is one of the most consistent, active and disciplined members of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. During the first decade of the XXI century the political leaders of Tajikistan had been receiving offers from foreign non CIS countries with regard to deployment of military facilities on a fee basis on the territory of Tajikistan which were not even considered by the Government. Thus, the multi-vector foreign policy of «open doors» has been reflected in diversification of the international relations of Tajikistan, in demonopolization of trade and economic priorities, in attraction of foreign investments and military-technical assistance from the third countries (other than CIS and CSTO countries) but completely preserving the geopolitical and military-political priorities established until 2002.

scholarly journals Role of Housing Reconstruction Between Years 2000 - 2014 in Merging of Urban Structure of The North East Wrocław / Rola Zabudowy Mieszkaniowej z Lat 2000-2014 w Scalaniu Struktury Urbanistycznej Północno-Wschodniego Wrocławia

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Robert Masztalski ◽  
Marcin Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Multifamily Housing ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Housing Reconstruction

Abstract The article presents the urban structure of the North-East of Wroclaw, where in the vicinity of the historic buildings and residential buildings from the 70s of the last century, and between, in the last 20 years there were built new buildings, as binding material of the urban structure. The new multifamily housing development of years 2000-2014 of Psie Pole as a housing development in Wroclaw, closes the gap between the historic district residential buildings in the old Psie Pole and the buildings of large slabs of the 70s of the twentieth century. The contemporary residential development uses the existing social infrastructure centre of the old Psie Pole district, and also the social infrastructure of the housing development of 70s of the twentieth century. The authors analyze, in the first part, the spatial development of these areas on the basis of historical materials. In the following, based on an analysis of urban structure created in the last 15 years of development, analyze existing conditions, context and value (in terms of urban planning - the wealth of social infrastructure), the contemporary housing development of Psie Pole.

scholarly journals The Knowledge of People About the Use of Renewable Energy and Environmental Awareness in Their Area, Irbid Governorate as a Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-371
Author(s):  
Samia Ayyoub Salim Ayyoub ◽  
Nuha Mahmoud Mesleh Radaydeh
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Photovoltaic Cells ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Energy System ◽  
The North ◽  
The Government

In the global effort to curb energy consumption and promote a sustainable lifestyle for our societies, we must strive to lower our energy needs in all aspects of our lives. One of the biggest contributors to our energy requirements are the buildings we spend most of our time inside. Buildings’ energy consumption can take many forms, such as, air conditioning, heating, ventilation, and lighting systems in order to create a comfortable environment for the users. One way of reducing buildings’ energy consumption is the use of renewable resource for energy. The main aim of this research is to measure and assess the public perceptions, knowledge and awareness of the concept of renewable energy, with specific regards to the use of solar photovoltaic cells, as well as investigate the desire to spend on the installation of renewable energy sources. Data was collected through a survey questionnaire applied in Irbid governorate in the north of Jordan. The statistical SPSS program was used to analyze closed-ended questionnaires and obtain numerical results based on arithmetical averages and percentages. The results show people are adequately aware of the benefits of renewable energy and most would like to have photovoltaic cells installed. However, 54.35% of the study sample live in apartments and do not have the space for the installation. 70.1% are open to the idea of sharing the solar energy system with their neighbors. 50% thought that the photovoltaic cells affected the aesthetics of the architecture style of the buildings especially the more traditional styles. It is concluded that the government needs to build a large-scale solar energy project to sustainably produce electricity instead of relying on individuals who generally lack the ability or the space for such systems, taking in note that the general public supports such concepts.

scholarly journals REDD+ as a tool for state territorialization: managing forests and people in Laos

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabaheta Ramcilovik-Suominen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Shifting Cultivation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Carbon Sequestration Potential ◽  
The North ◽  
Sequestration Potential

<p>This article analyzes the Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) policy process, through the lens of state territorialization in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos). It explores the motivations, mechanisms and strategies that drive REDD+ policy design and its implementation in the country. The provinces selected for REDD+ activities within the Emission Reduction (ER) Program, as well as the various REDD+ pilot projects are located in the north, where shifting cultivation is widespread, but where the potential for REDD+ to address deforestation and carbon sequestration is not optimal. The provinces with high carbon sequestration potential and high rates of deforestation are not part of the ER Program due to development investment projects and political sensitivity in those areas. REDD+ acts as a tool for state territorialization in a number of ways, including: (i) by targeting the areas where shifting cultivation is widely practiced, aiming to regulate village forest uses and users, (ii) by protecting state political, economic and development goals and strategies, by leaving the profitable large-scale drivers of deforestation unaddressed, including large-scale land investments, hydropower, infrastructure and mining development, and finally (iii) by providing additional motives, tools and discourses for state territorialization, including funding, technologies and the narratives that support it. I highlight, however, that REDD+ is not the sole reason for state territorial politics and practices. Rather, the instrument is layered over previous histories of colonial and post-colonial territorialization processes, continuing a similar logic, rhetoric and management practices. The REDD+ design and its technical orientation, however, appear to provide additional motives, as well as a new pool of resources, technical assistance and modern technologies that intensify the practice and politics of state territoriality in Laos.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Laos, REDD+, state territorialization,<strong> </strong>forest politics, drivers of deforestation</p>

scholarly journals General observations of building behaviour during the 8th October 2005 Pakistan earthquake

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitendra K. Bothara ◽  
Kubilây M O Hiçyılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Frame ◽  
Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
Concrete Frame ◽  
The North ◽  
2005 Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
Property Loss ◽  
Building Behaviour ◽  
Stone Walls

The paper presents the authors’ observations on the performance of buildings during the 8th October 2005, Kashmir earthquake in parts of Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and the North Western Frontier Province of Pakistan. A majority of the buildings in the earthquake region were non-engineered, owner-built, loadbearing masonry or reinforced concrete framed structures. Most of the masonry buildings were built with random or semi-dressed stone-walls without any reinforcement. The reinforced concrete frame buildings were deficient in strength, lacked ductile detailing and were poorly constructed. A large number of such buildings collapsed, leading to widespread destruction and loss of life. The building damage was the main cause behind the human and property loss. The collapse of floor and roof structures, the brittle behaviour of concrete buildings, a lack of integrity in masonry structures, and a lack of incorporation of seismically resistant features in building structures are found to be main reasons for the catastrophe.

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