Genetic, clinical and pathological characteristics of BRCA-associated breast cancer (BC) in Hispanic patients in the United States (US) and Latin America (LatAm).

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1539-1539
Author(s):  
Yanin Chavarri Guerra ◽  
Sharon Sand ◽  
Marcia Cruz Correa ◽  
Pamela Ganschow ◽  
Nancy Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Genomics ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Community Research ◽  
Brca Mutations ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Us ◽  
Hispanic Patients ◽  
History Of

1539 Background: Hispanic women with BC present at a younger age, have a higher frequency of BRCA mutations and show a worse incidence-to-mortality ratio than non-Hispanic women. Information regarding the characteristics of BRCA-associated BC in Hispanics is limited. Here, we assess differences in BRCA-associated BC between Hispanic patients in the US and in LatAm. Methods: Hispanic patients from the US and LatAm (Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Puerto Rico) with a history of BRCA-associated BC enrolled in the Clinical Cancer Genomics Community Research Network registry were included. We compared the genetic, demographic, clinical and pathologic characteristics between Hispanics from the US and LatAm using Fisher’s exact test and x2statistics. Results: Between 1997 and 2016, 3670 Hispanic patients with a history of BC from LatAm (n = 1341) and the US (n = 2329) were identified, of which 490 (13.3%) had a deleterious BRCA mutation. The frequency of BRCA mutations was similar in Hispanics from LatAm (13.8%, n = 185) and the US (13.1%, n = 305). No significant differences were found in the frequency of BRCA1 vs BRCA2 mutations between patients from LatAm (BRCA1 68%, BRCA2 31.8%) and the US (BRCA1 61.3%, BRCA2 39%) (p = .12). The most frequent mutations found in BRCA1 were: ex 9-12del (LatAm n = 24, US n = 15), 185delAG (LatAm n = 13, US n = 18) and 943ins10 (LatAm n = 3, US n = 8), and in BRCA2 3492insT (LatAm n = 3, US n = 28). Mean age at BC diagnosis was 39.1 (SD 9.5) in LatAm and 41.7 (SD 10.6) in the US (p = 0.01). US patients were significantly more likely to present with Stage 0-II BC than those from LatAm (77.1% vs. 47.6%, p < .001). We found no differences in the proportion of hormone receptor positive tumors between patients from LatAm (45%) and the US (47%) (p = .78). Conclusions: The frequency of BRCA-associated BC was similar between Hispanics in LatAm and the US. Women from LatAm with BRCA mutations present at a younger age, as seen for sporadic BC; the causes for this finding warrant further research. Women with BRCA-associated BC in LatAm are more likely to have advanced BC at presentation, which may be a reflection of disparities and barriers in access to care.

From Competition to Cooperation: A History of Canada–US National Park Relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence Young ◽  
Alan MacEachern ◽  
Lary Dilsaver
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Park Service ◽  
Settler Societies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Flow Of Information ◽  
The Relationship

This essay explores the evolving international relationship of the two national park agencies that in 1968 began to offer joint training classes for protected-area managers from around the world. Within the British settler societies that dominated nineteenth century park-making, the United States’ National Park Service (NPS) and Canada’s National Parks Branch were the most closely linked and most frequently cooperative. Contrary to campfire myths and nationalist narratives, however, the relationship was not a one-way flow of information and motivation from the US to Canada. Indeed, the latter boasted a park bureaucracy before the NPS was established. The relationship of the two nations’ park leaders in the half century leading up to 1968 demonstrates the complexity of defining the influences on park management and its diffusion from one country to another.

Functioning of Ukrainian Bureau in Washington D. C. (March 1939 – May 1940)

2019 ◽  
pp. 142-157
Author(s):  
Danylo Kravets
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
College Degrees ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
General Functioning ◽  
History Of ◽  
Governmental Institutions ◽  
History Of Journalism ◽  
The Military

The aim of the Ukrainian Bureau in Washington was propaganda of Ukrainian question among US government and American publicity in general. Functioning of the Bureau is not represented non in Ukrainian neither in foreign historiographies, so that’s why the main goal of presented paper is to investigate its activity. The research is based on personal papers of Ukrainian diaspora representatives (O. Granovskyi, E. Skotzko, E. Onatskyi) and articles from American and Ukrainian newspapers. The second mass immigration of Ukrainians to the US (1914‒1930s) has often been called the «military» immigration and what it lacked in numbers, it made up in quality. Most immigrants were educated, some with college degrees. The founder of the Ukrainian Bureau Eugene Skotzko was born near Western Ukrainian town of Zoloczhiv and immigrated to the United States in late 1920s after graduating from Lviv Polytechnic University. In New York he began to collaborate with OUN member O. Senyk-Hrabivskyi who gave E. Skotzko task to create informational bureau for propaganda of Ukrainian case. On March 23 1939 the Bureau was founded in Washington D. C. E. Skotzko was an editor of its Informational Bulletins. The Bureau biggest problem was lack of financial support. It was the main reason why it stopped functioning in May 1940. During 14 months of functioning Ukrainian Bureau in Washington posted dozens of informational bulletins and send it to hundreds of addressees; E. Skotzko, as a director, personally wrote to American governmental institutions and foreign diplomats informing about Ukrainian problem in Europe. Ukrainian Bureau activity is an inspiring example for those who care for informational policy of modern Ukraine.Keywords: Ukrainian small encyclopedia, Yevhen Onatsky, journalism, worldview, Ukrainian state. Keywords: Ukrainian Bureau in Washington, Eugene Skotzko, public opinion, history of journalism, diaspora.

scholarly journals Ethnic Fundraising in America and the Irish and Lithuanian Wars of Independence, 1918–1923

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
R. J. C. Adams ◽  
Vaida Nikšaitė
Keyword(s):  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Recognition ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
War Bonds ◽  
First World

Abstract The close of the First World War signalled a proliferation of newly established nation-states across Europe. However, the unilateral proclamations of these states’ independence did not guarantee their international recognition, nor did it guarantee their financial viability. This article examines the funding of two such states: the unrecognized Lithuanian (1919–23) and Irish (1919–21) republics. Both funded their wars of independence by selling ‘war bonds’ to their respective diasporas in the United States; the Lithuanians raising almost $1.9m from c. 28,000 subscribers and the Irish raising $5.8m from c. 300,000 subscribers. Communication between the organizers of these bond drives was virtually non-existent, but following the example of the US Liberty Loans they employed remarkably similar tactics. Yet, issued by self-proclaimed nation-states with neither territorial integrity nor a credible history of borrowing, the Lithuanian and Irish war bonds promised a return only when the states had received international recognition. In this sense, they were examples of what the authors term Pre-Sovereign Debt. Practically, they were a focal point for agitation for governmental recognition and rousing of American public opinion. Symbolically, they were tangible representations of the Lithuanian and Irish pretensions to statehood.

scholarly journals Genetic epidemiology of BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated cancer across Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef S. Herzog ◽  
Yanin Chavarri-Guerra ◽  
Danielle Castillo ◽  
Julio Abugattas ◽  
Cynthia Villarreal-Garza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Cancer Genomics ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Copy Number Variant ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Community Research ◽  
Brca1 And Brca2 ◽  
Pathogenic Variants

AbstractThe prevalence and contribution of BRCA1/2 (BRCA) pathogenic variants (PVs) to the cancer burden in Latin America are not well understood. This study aims to address this disparity. BRCA analyses were performed on prospectively enrolled Latin American Clinical Cancer Genomics Community Research Network participants via a combination of methods: a Hispanic Mutation Panel (HISPANEL) on MassARRAY; semiconductor sequencing; and copy number variant (CNV) detection. BRCA PV probability was calculated using BRCAPRO. Among 1,627 participants (95.2% with cancer), we detected 236 (14.5%) BRCA PVs; 160 BRCA1 (31% CNVs); 76 BRCA2 PV frequency varied by country: 26% Brazil, 9% Colombia, 13% Peru, and 17% Mexico. Recurrent PVs (seen ≥3 times), some region-specific, represented 42.8% (101/236) of PVs. There was no ClinVar entry for 14% (17/125) of unique PVs, and 57% (111/196) of unique VUS. The area under the ROC curve for BRCAPRO was 0.76. In summary, we implemented a low-cost BRCA testing strategy and documented a significant burden of non-ClinVar reported BRCA PVs among Latin Americans. There are recurrent, population-specific PVs and CNVs, and we note that the BRCAPRO mutation probability model performs adequately. This study helps address the gap in our understanding of BRCA-associated cancer in Latin America.

scholarly journals Roles of the Water Court and the State Engineer for water administration in Colorado

Water Policy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 837-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. McIntyre ◽  
David C. Mays
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
The Us ◽  
State Engineer ◽  
History Of ◽  
Water Administration ◽  
Civil Courts

Colorado manages water using an administrative structure that is unique among the United States following the doctrine of prior appropriation: Water rights are adjudicated not by the State Engineer, but by Water Courts – separate from and operating in parallel to the criminal and civil courts – established specifically for this purpose. Fundamental to this system is the notion that water rights are property, with consequent protections under the US Constitution, but with the significant constraint that changes in water rights must not injure other water rights, either more senior or more junior. Population growth and climate change will certainly trigger changes in water administration, to be guided by the recent Colorado Water Plan. To provide the foundation necessary to appreciate these changes, this paper reviews the history of Colorado water administration and summarizes the complementary roles of the Water Courts and the State Engineer. Understanding water administration in Colorado depends on a firm grasp on how these two branches of state government formulate and implement water policy.

The American War in Afghanistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carter Malkasian
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Narrative Format

The American War in Afghanistan is a full history of the war in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2020. It covers political, cultural, strategic, and tactical aspects of the war and details the actions and decision-making of the United States, Afghan government, and Taliban. The work follows a narrative format to go through the 2001 US invasion, the state-building of 2002–2005, the Taliban offensive of 2006, the US surge of 2009–2011, the subsequent drawdown, and the peace talks of 2019–2020. The focus is on the overarching questions of the war: Why did the United States fail? What opportunities existed to reach a better outcome? Why did the United States not withdraw from the war?

Utilization and patient characteristics for the trastuzumab originator, biosimilars, and other HER2 inhibitors in the United States.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (28_suppl) ◽  
pp. 308-308
Author(s):  
Young Hee Nam ◽  
Aaron Mendelsohn ◽  
James Marshall ◽  
Nancy Lin ◽  
Jeffrey Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine Therapy ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Health Plans ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Full Data ◽  
The Us

308 Background: Biosimilars for trastuzumab, a HER2 inhibitor (HER2I), have been available for use in the US since in 2019, yet information on their utilization and patient characteristics is limited. We assessed utilization and patient characteristics for the trastuzumab originator, biosimilars, and other HER2Is in the US. Methods: We analyzed healthcare claims for 10/1/2016-up to 2/29/2020 (end date varied across health plans) from the Biologics and Biosimilars Collective Intelligence Consortium’s Distributed Research Network ( > 95 million persons) using the FDA’s Sentinel distributed analysis tools. We conducted descriptive analyses on the number of incident users and patients’ characteristics for each HER2I. Adults continuously enrolled in their health plan with medical and drug coverage ≥365 days (baseline period) prior to their incident HER2I use were eligible for analysis. Results: Of the incident users (incident to any HER2Is), we identified 6,631 originator trastuzumab users, 122 trastuzumab-anns, 116 ado-trastuzumab emtansine, 54 neratinib, and 54 lapatinib users. Trastuzumab-dkst and trastuzumab/hyaluronidase-oysk had < 11 users each. Mean age was the highest for trastuzumab/hyaluronidase-oysk (73.7 years; SD, 18.6) and similar between the trastuzumab originator and biosimilars (52.5-59.0). The number of incident users/100,000 person-years decreased for the trastuzumab originator from 13.5 in 2016 to 9.4 in 2020 and increased for trastuzumab-anns from 0.4 in 2019 to 4.9 in 2020. Of the baseline clinical characteristics examined, Charlson/Elixhauser comorbidity score was the highest for lapatinib (2.0), lowest for trastuzumab-dkst and neratinib (0.5), and similar between the trastuzumab originator (1.1) and trastuzumab-anns (1.3). The proportion of patients who received any chemotherapy during the baseline period was 38.9% for lapatinib, 18.5% for the trastuzumab originator, and 14.8% for trastuzumab-anns. The proportion of endocrine therapy users was the highest for neratinib (63.0%) and similar between the trastuzumab originator (11.1%) and trastuzumab-anns (10.7%). Among incident users with metastatic breast cancer, endocrine therapy receivers during the baseline period accounted for 19.3% for the trastuzumab originator and 69.6% for lapatinib. Conclusions: Though full data were not available for 2019-2020 for all health plans, these preliminary findings suggest that utilization of biosimilar trastuzumab-anns increased whereas the trastuzumab originator use decreased over time and that there is a variation in patient characteristics between HER2Is and by metastatic status while the characteristics were generally similar between the trastuzumab originator and trastuzumab-anns. We plan to conduct ongoing assessment of HER2I utilization as more data become available to help inform clinical practices and health policies.

scholarly journals Genetic Gastric Cancer Susceptibility in the International Clinical Cancer Genomics Community Research Network

2017 ◽  
Vol 216-217 ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Slavin ◽  
Susan L. Neuhausen ◽  
Christina Rybak ◽  
Ilana Solomon ◽  
Bita Nehoray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Cancer Genomics ◽  
Cancer Susceptibility ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Community Research ◽  
Clinical Cancer

scholarly journals Debunking Millar v. Taylor: The History of the Prohibition of Legislative History

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-58
Author(s):  
John J Magyar
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Federal Courts ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
Legislative History ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract The generally accepted belief about the rule prohibiting recourse to legislative history as an aid to statutory interpretation is that it began in the case of Millar v.Taylor in 1769, and it was followed thereafter in England and throughout the United States through to the 20th century. However, all four judges on the panel in Millar v.Taylor considered evidence from the Journal of the House of Commons and changes made to the relevant bill in their opinions. Meanwhile, the case was widely cited for several substantive and procedural matters throughout the 19th century, but it was not cited by a judge as a precedent for the rule against legislative history until 1887. A careful examination of the relevant cases and secondary literature from the 18th and 19th centuries reveals a much more nuanced and complex history to the rule. Its emergence becomes less clear because it is shrouded in judicial silence. Its beginnings must be inferred from a general and often unarticulated principle that lawyers felt free to disregard. Furthermore, the development, refinement, and decline of the rule followed a different timeline in England, the US federal courts and the state courts.

scholarly journals Turkey’s political crisis of the 1970s and the military coup on September 12, 1980

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-238
Author(s):  
Malika S. Tovsultanova ◽  
Rustam A. Tovsultanov ◽  
Lilia N. Galimova
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Coalition Governments ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
The City

In the 1970s, Turkey was in a state of political turbulence. Weak coalition governments changed frequently and could not bring order to the country. The city streets turned into an arena of battles for various armed radical groups of nationalist, communist, Islamist and separatist persuasions. For 9 years from 1971 to 1980, 10 governments changed in Turkey. The political crisis was accompanied by an economic downturn, expressed in hyperinflation and an increase in external debt. Chaos and anarchy caused discontent among Turkish financial circles and generals with the situation in the country and led to the idea of a military coup, already the third in the republican history of Turkey. The US State Department was extremely concerned about the situation in Turkey, hoping to find a reliable cover against further exports of communism and Islamism to the Middle East, approving the possibility of a coup. The coup was led by the chief of the General Staff K. Evren. Political events of the second half of the 1970s allow us to conclude that, despite the interest of the financial and military circles of the United States in it, the military coup on September 12, 1980 had mainly domestic political reasons.

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