Heat Stress and its Effects on Plant Growth and Metabolism

2020 ◽  
pp. 203-265
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Rai ◽  
Gyanendra K. Rai ◽  
R. S. Dubey
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plant Growth

scholarly journals Recapitulation of the Function and Role of ROS Generated in Response to Heat Stress in Plants

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
Emily Medina ◽  
Su-Hwa Kim ◽  
Miriam Yun ◽  
Won-Gyu Choi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Signaling Molecule ◽  
Signaling Systems ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
Tropical Area

In natural ecosystems, plants are constantly exposed to changes in their surroundings as they grow, caused by a lifestyle that requires them to live where their seeds fall. Thus, plants strive to adapt and respond to changes in their exposed environment that change every moment. Heat stress that naturally occurs when plants grow in the summer or a tropical area adversely affects plants’ growth and poses a risk to plant development. When plants are subjected to heat stress, they recognize heat stress and respond using highly complex intracellular signaling systems such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS was previously considered a byproduct that impairs plant growth. However, in recent studies, ROS gained attention for its function as a signaling molecule when plants respond to environmental stresses such as heat stress. In particular, ROS, produced in response to heat stress in various plant cell compartments such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, plays a crucial role as a signaling molecule that promotes plant growth and triggers subsequent downstream reactions. Therefore, this review aims to address the latest research trends and understandings, focusing on the function and role of ROS in responding and adapting plants to heat stress.

Study of Effect of Plant Growth Regulating Hormones for Mitigating Heat Stress in Wheat

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
S. P. Bharati ◽  
Ravi Kant ◽  
V. K. Sharma ◽  
V. K. Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plant Growth

scholarly journals Evidence that Rhizospheric Calcium Level Modulates Potato Plant Response to Heat Stress

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 600e-601
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Kleinhenz ◽  
Jiwan P. Palta
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Potato Plant ◽  
Calcium Level ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Shoot Meristem ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Hoagland Solution ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation

Micropropagated `Red Norland' plants were transferred to an inert mixture of 1 perlite: 1 medium-grain quartzite (v/v) and grown 21 days at 20°C day/15°C night on a 25% Hoagland solution without Ca(NO3)2 (Ca at 10 mg·L–1 from CaCl2, N at 35 mg·L–1 from KNO3). Thereafter, Ca treatments (Ca at 0.2, 1, 5, 25, 125 mg·L–1) were imposed for 21 days with other nutrients unchanged. Day/night temperatures were 20/15°C and 35/20°C for control and stress plants, respectively. Continuous drip supply of nutrient solution in excess of demand maintained target rhizospheric Ca levels. All experiments were conducted in controlled-environment chambers with 400-μmol·m–2·s–1 light level. The following results were obtained. 1) Stress, but not control, plants grown with Ca at 0.2 and 1.0 mg·L–1 displayed reduced leaf expansion, extreme senescence, and death of the primary shoot meristem. 2) Plants grown with Ca at 5, 25 and 125 mg·L–1 grew normally under both temperature regimens, although plants responded to temperature with different biomass partitioning. (3) Total root mass at harvest was similar under all Ca–temperature combinations but low-Ca-treated plants had comparatively darker roots with fewer branches. (4) Light microscopic evaluation revealed normal staining patterns of lignified elements in leaves and stems of all plants. These data suggest that constant rhizospheric Ca levels >1 mg·L–1 are required for continued plant growth during exposure to heat stress.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Influences Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) under Heat Stress

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 846-850
Author(s):  
Rumana Yeasmin ◽  
Stephen P. Bonser ◽  
Satoru Motoki ◽  
Eiji Nishihara
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Antioxidative Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Asparagus Officinalis ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

Environmental conditions, specifically heat stress, are important factors in asparagus crop production. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been shown to increase plant growth. Effects of heat stress on nutrient uptake have rarely been examined in intact plants, but the limited results indicate that heat stress will decrease uptake; no studies have examined heat stress effects on asparagus nutrient uptake. We examined the effects of AMF, Glomus intraradices, on the growth, nutrient uptake, heat stress responses, and antioxidative activity in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.). We grew AMF-inoculated or non–AMF-inoculated asparagus plants in sand culture at 20 to 25 °C for 14 weeks in a greenhouse and subsequently subjected to three temperature conditions (control = 20 °C/25 °C night/day, mild heating = 30 °C/35 °C night/day, and severe heating = 37 °C/42 °C night/day) in growth chambers. Morphological and physiological growth parameters were compared between AMF-inoculated and non–AMF-inoculated plants. The mycorrhizal symbiosis markedly enhanced biomass production and heat stress responses negatively in plants compared with that in the non–AMF-inoculated plants. Plants grown under non–AMF-inoculated treatment had severe rate of leaf browning (80% to 100%), whereas the mycorrhizal plants showed a minimum rate of leaf browning under heat stress conditions. The results indicated mycorrhizal-inoculated plants showed an increase activity of antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase. The 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity also showed a greater response in mycorrhizal plants than in the control plants under each temperature treatment. Application of AMF enhanced plant growth and mineral nutrients and alleviated heat stress damage through an increased antioxidative activity and the mycorrhizal symbiosis significantly enhanced heat stress tolerance of asparagus.

scholarly journals Effects of Salicylic Acid and Calcium Chloride on Heat Tolerance in Rhododendron ‘Fen Zhen Zhu’

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huifei Shen ◽  
Bing Zhao ◽  
Jingjing Xu ◽  
Xizi Zheng ◽  
Wenmei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Total Soluble Protein ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Mda Content

Rhododendrons (Rhododendron) are ornamental plants that exhibit poor thermotolerance. Salicylic acid (SA) and Ca2+ regulate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in plants adapted to adverse environmental conditions. This study investigated the role of SA and CaCl2 in managing heat tolerance of Rhododendron ‘Fen Zhen Zhu’. Plants of the triennial Rhododendron ‘Fen Zhen Zhu’ were pretreated with SA and CaCl2, alone and combined. Following this pretreatment, the plants were subjected to 38/30 °C (day/night) incubation for 6 days, and then allowed to recover for 20 days under 25/17 °C (day/night) in a chamber. Changes in morphology were observed and recorded. Data were collected on plant chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, H2O2 level, antioxidant enzyme activity, and total soluble protein content. The results revealed that the plant growth was considerably affected by heat stress, the leaves became brown and withered, and the plant defoliated. Under heat stress, chlorophyll content and total soluble protein levels decreased. Peroxidase (POD) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) also decreased, whereas the H2O2 and MDA content increased. Individual or combined application of SA and CaCl2 had a positive effect on plant growth, chlorophyll content, total soluble protein levels, and enzymatic antioxidant activity under heat stress. In general, the effect of the combined application of SA and CaCl2 was superior to individual application. In addition, treatment with high CaCl2 concentrations effectively alleviated the decrease in chlorophyll content. However, at low SA and CaCl2 concentrations, SOD and POD activity and total soluble protein accumulation increased whereas MDA and H2O2 levels decreased. These results suggest that SA and CaCl2 may interact to alleviate heat stress.

scholarly journals Melatonin Ameliorates Thermotolerance in Soybean Seedling through Balancing Redox Homeostasis and Modulating Antioxidant Defense, Phytohormones and Polyamines Biosynthesis

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (17) ◽  
pp. 5116
Author(s):  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Muhammad Aaqil Khan ◽  
Raheem Shahzad ◽  
Saqib Bilal ◽  
Murtaza Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Soybean Plants

Global warming is impacting the growth and development of economically important but sensitive crops, such as soybean (Glycine max L.). Using pleiotropic signaling molecules, melatonin can relieve the negative effects of high temperature by enhancing plant growth and development as well as modulating the defense system against abiotic stresses. However, less is known about how melatonin regulates the phytohormones and polyamines during heat stress. Our results showed that high temperature significantly increased ROS and decreased photosynthesis efficiency in soybean plants. Conversely, pretreatment with melatonin increased plant growth and photosynthetic pigments (chl a and chl b) and reduced oxidative stress via scavenging hydrogen peroxide and superoxide and reducing the MDA and electrolyte leakage contents. The inherent stress defense responses were further strengthened by the enhanced activities of antioxidants and upregulation of the expression of ascorbate–glutathione cycle genes. Melatonin mitigates heat stress by increasing several biochemicals (phenolics, flavonoids, and proline), as well as the endogenous melatonin and polyamines (spermine, spermidine, and putrescine). Furthermore, the positive effects of melatonin treatment also correlated with a reduced abscisic acid content, down-regulation of the gmNCED3, and up-regulation of catabolic genes (CYP707A1 and CYP707A2) during heat stress. Contrarily, an increase in salicylic acid and up-regulated expression of the defense-related gene PAL2 were revealed. In addition, melatonin induced the expression of heat shock protein 90 (gmHsp90) and heat shock transcription factor (gmHsfA2), suggesting promotion of ROS detoxification via the hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling pathway. In conclusion, exogenous melatonin improves the thermotolerance of soybean plants and enhances plant growth and development by activating antioxidant defense mechanisms, interacting with plant hormones, and reprogramming the biochemical metabolism.

scholarly journals Silicon and Gibberellins: Synergistic Function in Harnessing ABA Signaling and Heat Stress Tolerance in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adil Khan ◽  
Saqib Bilal ◽  
Abdul Latif Khan ◽  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Raheem Shahzad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Aba Signaling ◽  
Transcript Accumulation ◽  
Middle East Countries ◽  
Hormonal Modulation

Date palm is one of the most economically vital fruit crops in North African and Middle East countries, including Oman. A controlled experiment was conducted to investigate the integrative effects of silicon (Si) and gibberellic acid (GA3) on date palm growth and heat stress. The exogenous application of Si and GA3 significantly promoted plant growth attributes under heat stress (44 ± 1 °C). The hormonal modulation (abscisic acid [ABA] and salicylic acid [SA]), antioxidant accumulation, and the expression of abiotic stress-related genes were evaluated. Interestingly, heat-induced oxidative stress was markedly reduced by the integrative effects of Si and GA3 when compared to their sole application, with significant reductions in superoxide anions and lipid peroxidation. The reduction of oxidative stress was attributed to the enhancement of polyphenol oxidase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities as well as the upregulation of their synthesis related genes expression viz. GPX2, CAT, Cyt-Cu/Zn SOD, and glyceraldehyde3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GAPDH). The results showed the activation of heat shock factor related genes (especially HsfA3) during exogenous Si and GA3 as compared to the control. Furthermore, the transcript accumulation of ABA signaling-related genes (PYL4, PYL8, and PYR1) were significantly reduced with the combined treatment of Si and GA3, leading to reduced production of ABA and, subsequently, SA antagonism via its increased accumulation. These findings suggest that the combined application of Si and GA3 facilitate plant growth and metabolic regulation, impart tolerance against stress, and offers novel stress alleviating strategies for a green revolution in sustainable food security.

Evaluation of heat tolerance potential in Capsicum annum L. genotypes under heat stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Mujahid Ali ◽  
Muhammad Imran Lodhi ◽  
Choudhary Muhammad Ayyub ◽  
Zahoor Hussain ◽  
Zaid Mustafa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Collective Effects ◽  
Economic Losses

Summer vegetables are severely affected by high temperature above threshold level which ultimately results in serious losses of their production. To cope with these economic losses different strategies had been adopted. The present study was designed to screen out heat tolerant genotypes of bell pepper. For this purpose, experiment was conducted in plant growth room in Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Ten genotypes of bell pepper (C1G3, C3G5, C7G4, V6G4, C2-E, C5G4, C43-D, C4G3, C43-A, C2G3) were brought from Ayub Agriculture Research Institute Faisalabad (AARI) and were grown. Heat treatment up to 40 ̊C was given. Data regarding agronomic traits (number of leaves, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight, seedling fresh weight, electrolyte leakage) and physiological (Stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency) was collected. Proper statistical designs were used to analyze the data. The research findings proved that heat stress significantly affected physiology, morphology and mechanisms of screened genotypes which followed the order for the heat stress as C5G4, C1G3, C2G3, C43-A, C3G5, C43-D, V6G4, C4G3, C43-A and C2G3, respectively. The collective effects of all these changes under high temperature stress resulted in poor plant growth and productivity. On the basis of physical and physiological parameters, genotypes C5G4, C1G3 and C43-A were among the most tolerant group and the most resistant genotypes.

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