How to make chitin, chitosan, and chitosan oligosaccharides?

The Pattern of Acetylation Defines the Priming Activity of Chitosan Tetramers

10.26434/chemrxiv.8159636.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Sven Basa ◽

Malathi Nampally ◽

Talita Honorato ◽

Subha Narayan Das ◽

Appa Rao Podile ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Chitosan Oligosaccharides ◽

Degree Of Acetylation ◽

Bona Fide ◽

First Time ◽

Priming Activity

The biological activity of chitosans depends on their degree of polymerization (DP) and degree of acetylation (DA). However, information could also be carried by the pattern of acetylation (PA): the sequence of β-1,4-linked glucosamine (deacetylated/D) and N-acetylglucosamine (acetylated/A) units. To address this hypothesis, we prepared partially-acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides from a chitosan polymer (DA=35%, DPw=905) using recombinant chitosan hydrolases with distinct substrate and cleavage specificities. The mixtures were separated into fractions DP4–DP12, which were tested for elicitor and priming activities in rice cells. We confirmed that both activities were influenced by DP, <a>but also observed apparent DA-dependent priming activity, with the ADDD+DADD fraction proving remarkably effective</a>. We then compared all four mono-acetylated tetramers prepared using different chitin deacetylases and observed significant differences in priming activity. This demonstrates for the first time that PA influences the biological activity of chitosans, which can now be recognized as bona fide information-carrying molecules

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The Pattern of Acetylation Defines the Priming Activity of Chitosan Tetramers

10.26434/chemrxiv.8159636 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Sven Basa ◽

Malathi Nampally ◽

Talita Honorato ◽

Subha Narayan Das ◽

Appa Rao Podile ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Chitosan Oligosaccharides ◽

Degree Of Acetylation ◽

Bona Fide ◽

First Time ◽

Priming Activity

The biological activity of chitosans depends on their degree of polymerization (DP) and degree of acetylation (DA). However, information could also be carried by the pattern of acetylation (PA): the sequence of β-1,4-linked glucosamine (deacetylated/D) and N-acetylglucosamine (acetylated/A) units. To address this hypothesis, we prepared partially-acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides from a chitosan polymer (DA=35%, DPw=905) using recombinant chitosan hydrolases with distinct substrate and cleavage specificities. The mixtures were separated into fractions DP4–DP12, which were tested for elicitor and priming activities in rice cells. We confirmed that both activities were influenced by DP, <a>but also observed apparent DA-dependent priming activity, with the ADDD+DADD fraction proving remarkably effective</a>. We then compared all four mono-acetylated tetramers prepared using different chitin deacetylases and observed significant differences in priming activity. This demonstrates for the first time that PA influences the biological activity of chitosans, which can now be recognized as bona fide information-carrying molecules

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Chitosan Oligosaccharides Inhibit Tumor Progression and Induce Autophagy Through Activation of the p53/mTOR Pathway in Osteosarcoma

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3457401 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Zhen Pan ◽

Xiao-juan Wei ◽

Shi-jie Li ◽

Hua Guo ◽

Dong-dong Cheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tumor Progression ◽

Mtor Pathway ◽

Chitosan Oligosaccharides

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Recognition Pattern, Functional Mechanism and Application of Chitin and Chitosan Oligosaccharides in Sustainable Agriculture

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200617165915 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (29) ◽

pp. 3508-3521 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiaochen Jia ◽

Mijanur R. Rajib ◽

Heng Yin

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Production ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

The Past ◽

Chitosan Oligosaccharides ◽

Recognition Pattern ◽

Functional Mechanism ◽

Chitin And Chitosan ◽

And Storage ◽

Further Development

Background: Application of chitin attracts much attention in the past decades as the second abundant polysaccharides in the world after cellulose. Chitin oligosaccharides (CTOS) and its deacetylated derivative chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) were shown great potentiality in agriculture by enhancing plant resistance to abiotic or biotic stresses, promoting plant growth and yield, improving fruits quality and storage, etc. Those applications have already served huge economic and social benefits for many years. However, the recognition mode and functional mechanism of CTOS and COS on plants have gradually revealed just in recent years. Objective: Recognition pattern and functional mechanism of CTOS and COS in plant together with application status of COS in agricultural production will be well described in this review. By which we wish to promote further development and application of CTOS and COS–related products in the field.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Oligosaccharides with Special Attention to Antiparasitic Potential

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19020110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 110

Author(s):

Nayara Sousa da Silva ◽

Nathália Kelly Araújo ◽

Alessandra Daniele-Silva ◽

Johny Wysllas de Freitas Oliveira ◽

Júlia Maria de Medeiros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Enzymatic Production ◽

Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽

Chitosan Oligosaccharides ◽

Lower Viscosity ◽

Biomedical Industry ◽

Parasite Aggregation ◽

Hydrolysis Of

The global rise of infectious disease outbreaks and the progression of microbial resistance reinforce the importance of researching new biomolecules. Obtained from the hydrolysis of chitosan, chitooligosaccharides (COSs) have demonstrated several biological properties, including antimicrobial, and greater advantage over chitosan due to their higher solubility and lower viscosity. Despite the evidence of the biotechnological potential of COSs, their effects on trypanosomatids are still scarce. The objectives of this study were the enzymatic production, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic effects of COSs. NMR and mass spectrometry analyses indicated the presence of a mixture with 81% deacetylated COS and acetylated hexamers. COSs demonstrated no evidence of cytotoxicity upon 2 mg/mL. In addition, COSs showed interesting activity against bacteria and yeasts and a time-dependent parasitic inhibition. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated a parasite aggregation ability of COSs. Thus, the broad biological effect of COSs makes them a promising molecule for the biomedical industry.

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Pre-Harvest Treatment of Chitosan Oligosaccharides Improved Strawberry Fruit Quality

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19082194 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 2194 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yanqiu He ◽

Santosh Bose ◽

Wenxia Wang ◽

Xiaochen Jia ◽

Hang Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plant Immunity ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Chitosan Oligosaccharide ◽

Uniform Size ◽

Chitosan Oligosaccharides ◽

Soluble Solid ◽

Regulated Gene Expression

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), derived through hydrolysis of chitosan, has been proved to be an effective plant immunity elicitor, eco-friendly, and easily soluble in water, and influenced several secondary metabolites content to improve fruit qualities. COS are widely used in agriculture to improve the defense response in plants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pre-harvest treatment effect of COS on the quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv.qingxiang). COS was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 50 mg·L−1 and sprayed at four different growth stages of strawberry plants, namely seedling stage, before flowering, fruit coloring (the stage of fruit from white to red) and full bloom. Uniform size, shape, color, without any visible damage, and disease-free fruits were harvested for determining the quality. The results showed that the fruit firmness, viscosity, lignin, sugars, protein, total soluble solid, and titratable acidity content increased in COS-treated fruits compared to control. In addition, COS pre-harvest treatment had a positive effect on anthocyanin, total phenol, flavonoid, vitamin C content and DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity of strawberry. Moreover, COS also increased the cell wall composition and regulated gene expression of some important enzymes involved in ethylene compound biosynthesis and cell wall degradation. The finding of this study suggests that pre-harvest application of COS is very useful for improving quality and antioxidant capacity of strawberry.

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Chitosan Oligosaccharides Stimulate the Efficacy of Somatic Embryogenesis in Different Genotypes of the Liriodendron Hybrid

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12050557 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 557

Author(s):

Asif Ali ◽

Jiaji Zhang ◽

Minmin Zhou ◽

Tingting Chen ◽

Liaqat Shah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Growth Speed ◽

Chitosan Oligosaccharide ◽

Chitosan Oligosaccharides ◽

Germination Ability ◽

Auxin Synthesis ◽

Branch Development ◽

The Impact ◽

Seed Setting Rate

Liriodendron hybrid (L. chinense × L. tulipifera), an essential medium-sized tree generally famous for its timber, is also used as an ornamental and greenery tool in many places around the world. The Liriodendron hybrid (L. hybrid) tree goes through many hurdles to achieve its maximum strength and vigor, such as loss of habitat, vast genetic variation, and low seed setting rate. The establishment of an effective and well-organized somatic embryogenesis (S.E.) system could be used to overcome these obstacles, rather than the old-fashioned seed culture and organogenesis. This study is based on the impact of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) and its role in the induction of S.E. on the callus of four genotypes of the L. hybrid. The optimal concentration of COS could enhance the momentum and effectiveness in S.E.’s mechanism, which further improves the growth rate of the L. hybrid tree’s plantlets. This study shows that COS has a prominent role in endogenous hormones like indole acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z.T.), and gibberellic acid (GA3). Furthermore, COS improves the growth development, growth speed, as well as the development situation of plant germination ability. COS can also regulate branch development and root growth, which could be linked to the antagonistic effect on growth factors to some extent or by affecting auxin synthesis and polar transport.

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