Chitosan Oligosaccharides Stimulate the Efficacy of Somatic Embryogenesis in Different Genotypes of the Liriodendron Hybrid

Liriodendron hybrid (L. chinense × L. tulipifera), an essential medium-sized tree generally famous for its timber, is also used as an ornamental and greenery tool in many places around the world. The Liriodendron hybrid (L. hybrid) tree goes through many hurdles to achieve its maximum strength and vigor, such as loss of habitat, vast genetic variation, and low seed setting rate. The establishment of an effective and well-organized somatic embryogenesis (S.E.) system could be used to overcome these obstacles, rather than the old-fashioned seed culture and organogenesis. This study is based on the impact of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) and its role in the induction of S.E. on the callus of four genotypes of the L. hybrid. The optimal concentration of COS could enhance the momentum and effectiveness in S.E.’s mechanism, which further improves the growth rate of the L. hybrid tree’s plantlets. This study shows that COS has a prominent role in endogenous hormones like indole acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z.T.), and gibberellic acid (GA3). Furthermore, COS improves the growth development, growth speed, as well as the development situation of plant germination ability. COS can also regulate branch development and root growth, which could be linked to the antagonistic effect on growth factors to some extent or by affecting auxin synthesis and polar transport.

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Pre-Harvest Treatment of Chitosan Oligosaccharides Improved Strawberry Fruit Quality

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19082194 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 2194 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yanqiu He ◽

Santosh Bose ◽

Wenxia Wang ◽

Xiaochen Jia ◽

Hang Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plant Immunity ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Chitosan Oligosaccharide ◽

Uniform Size ◽

Chitosan Oligosaccharides ◽

Soluble Solid ◽

Regulated Gene Expression

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), derived through hydrolysis of chitosan, has been proved to be an effective plant immunity elicitor, eco-friendly, and easily soluble in water, and influenced several secondary metabolites content to improve fruit qualities. COS are widely used in agriculture to improve the defense response in plants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pre-harvest treatment effect of COS on the quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv.qingxiang). COS was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 50 mg·L−1 and sprayed at four different growth stages of strawberry plants, namely seedling stage, before flowering, fruit coloring (the stage of fruit from white to red) and full bloom. Uniform size, shape, color, without any visible damage, and disease-free fruits were harvested for determining the quality. The results showed that the fruit firmness, viscosity, lignin, sugars, protein, total soluble solid, and titratable acidity content increased in COS-treated fruits compared to control. In addition, COS pre-harvest treatment had a positive effect on anthocyanin, total phenol, flavonoid, vitamin C content and DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity of strawberry. Moreover, COS also increased the cell wall composition and regulated gene expression of some important enzymes involved in ethylene compound biosynthesis and cell wall degradation. The finding of this study suggests that pre-harvest application of COS is very useful for improving quality and antioxidant capacity of strawberry.

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Impact of selected antagonistic fungi on Fusarium species – toxigenic cereal pathogens

Acta Mycologica ◽

10.5586/am.2008.004 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 29-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Delfina Popiel ◽

Hanna Kwaśny ◽

Jerzy Chełkowski ◽

Łukasz Stępień ◽

Magdalena Laskowska

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Species ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Antagonistic Activity ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Fusarium Avenaceum ◽

Dual Culture ◽

Ear Blight ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Significant Yield ◽

The Impact

Fusarium-ear blight is a destructive disease in various cereal-growing regions and leads to significant yield and quality losses for farmers and to contamination of cereal grains with mycotoxins, mainly deoxynivalenol and derivatives, zearalenone and moniliformin. Fusarium pathogens grow well and produce significant inoculum on crop resiudues. Reduction of mycotoxins production and pathogen sporulation may be influenced by saprophytic fungi, exhibiting antagonistic effect. Dual culture bioassays were used to examine the impact of 92 isolates (belonging to 29 fungal species) against three toxigenic species, i.e. Fusarium avenaceum (Corda) Saccardo, F. culmorum (W.G.Smith) Saccardo and F. graminearum Schwabe. Both F.culmorum and F. graminearum isolates produce trichothecene mycotoxins and mycohormone zearalenone and are considered to be the most important cereal pathogens worldwide. Infection with those pathogens leads to accumulation of mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in grains. Fusarium avenaceum isolates are producers of moniliformin (MON) and enniatins. Isolates of Trichoderma sp. were found to be the most effective ones to control the growth of examined Fusarium species. The response of Fusarium isolates to antagonistic activity of Trichoderma isolates varied and also the isolates of Trichoderma differed in their antagonistic activity against Fusarium isolates. The production of MON by two isolates of F. avenaceum in dual culture on rice was reduced by 95% to 100% by T. atroviride isolate AN 35. The same antagonist reduced the amount of moniliformin from 100 μg/g to 6.5 μg/g when inoculated to rice culture contaminated with MON, which suggests the possible decomposition of this mycotoxin.

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The Impact of the Interaction of Financial and Industrial Structure on Economic Growth – Evidence from China

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202125101101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 251 ◽

pp. 01101

Author(s):

Yiqian Tan ◽

Fan Jiang

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Industrial Structure ◽

Financial Structure ◽

Growth Speed ◽

Matching Effect ◽

Industrial Upgrading ◽

Slowing Down ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

In recent years, China’s economic growth speed has been slowing down, leading to the problems of overcapacity and unbalanced regional economic development, and the mismatch between industrial and financial structure is becoming intense. This paper, starting with the relationship among economic growth, industrial structure and financial structure, summarizes the research by the former scholars. On this basis, by using data of 31 provincial panel data in China from 2007 to 2016, the article aims to find out the relationship between the industrial structure and economic growth, the relationship between the financial structure and economic growth and the relationship between the interaction of financial and industrial structure and economic growth. Finally, the conclusions of this paper are obtained that the interaction between the financial structure and the industrial structure can promote the economic growth significantly. However, the matching effect of the financial structure and industrial structure in China has not been completely formed, and the industrial upgrading should be guided to be structurally reformed through the policy.

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PSIV-B-22 Comparative effects of nanoparticle-selenium, selenium-enriched yeast and sodium selenite antagonize cadmium-induced cardiotoxicity in chicken (Gallus gallus) via modulating AHR/CAR/PXR/Nrf2 pathways

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.719 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 395-395

Author(s):

Jing Ge ◽

Yan Huang ◽

Jinlong Li

Keyword(s):

Phase I ◽

Sodium Selenite ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Limited Attention ◽

Cd Toxicity ◽

Phase I Metabolism ◽

Metabolism Enzymes ◽

Nrf2 Signaling Pathway ◽

The Impact

Abstract Selenium (Se), a nutritionally essential mineral for human and animals, has a significant antagonistic effect on heavy metal cadmium (Cd) biotoxicity. Still, the impact of different Se source on alleviating Cd toxicity has received only limited attention. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to assess the mitigation level of Cd-induced cardiotoxicity by different sources such as nanoparticles of selenium (Nano-Se), selenium-rich yeast (SY) and sodium selenite (SS). Two hundred of male, 1-day old Hy-Line Variety White chickens were randomly, equally divided into five groups (n = 25). These chicken groups were assigned to (1) basal diet (Con), (2) 140 mg/kg CdCl[2] of basal diet Cd (Cd), (3) 1 mg/kg Nano-Se plus 140 mg/kg CdCl[2] of basal diet (Nano-Se + Cd), (4) 3 mg/kg selenium-enriched yeast plus 140 mg/kg CdCl[2] of basal diet (SY + Cd group), and (5) 3 mg/kg sodium selenite plus 140 mg/kg CdCl[2] of basal diet (SS+ Cd group). The results evidenced that presence of Cd led to a significant increase in biochemical parameters such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK), as well as histopathological lesions in the heart of chickens. Cd exposure also resulted in more extensive effects on phase I metabolism enzymes and transcript CYP isoforms, elevated the levels of MDA and H[2]O[2] and depressed total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), Cu-Zn SOD, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and catalase (CAT) activities. The expression of nuclear receptors (NRs), AHR, CAR and PXR was declined, down-regulated Nrf2 and its downstream targets in the Cd-treat group. Notably, Se sources application alleviated Cd toxicity by triggering AHR/CAR/PXR/Nrf2 signaling pathway to promote restoring antioxidant defense system and phase I metabolism enzymes system. However, when compared the effectiveness of antagonism, the Nano-Se was superior in relieving Cd-induced cardiotoxicity via AHR/CAR/PXR/Nrf2 pathway activation than other Se- sources.

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4-Pyridinio-1,4-Dihydropyridines as Calcium Ion Transport Modulators: Antagonist, Agonist, and Dual Action

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2020/2075815 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Ilona Domracheva ◽

Iveta Kanepe-Lapsa ◽

Reinis Vilskersts ◽

Imanta Bruvere ◽

Egils Bisenieks ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Channel ◽

Neuroblastoma Cell ◽

Aortic Ring ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Human Neuroblastoma Cell ◽

Human Neuroblastoma ◽

Ring Model ◽

A7r5 Cells ◽

Intracellular Ca ◽

The Impact

A set of six new 4-pyridinio-1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) compounds has been synthesized. The calcium channel modulating activity of these compounds was evaluated in an aorta vascular smooth muscle cell line (A7R5), in an isolated rat aortic ring model, and in human neuroblastoma cell lines (SH-SY5Y). The antagonistic effect of these 1,4-DHP was tested by modulating the impact of carbachol-dependent mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ in SH-SY5Y cells. The intracellular free Ca2+ concentration was measured in confluent monolayers of SH-SY5Y cells and A7R5 cells with the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent indicator Fluo-4 NW. Only four compounds showed calcium channel blocking activity in SH-SY5Y and A7R5 cells as well as in the aortic ring model. Among them, compound 3 was the most active calcium channel antagonist, which had 3 times higher activity on carbachol-activated SH-SY5Y cells than amlodipine. Two of the compounds were inactive. Compound 4 had 9 times higher calcium agonist activity than the classic DHP calcium agonist Bay K8644. The intracellular mechanism for the action of compound 4 using inhibitor analysis was elucidated. Nicotinic as well as muscarinic receptors were not involved. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ (SERCA) stores were not affected. Ryanodine receptors (RyRs), another class of intracellular Ca2+ releasing channels, participated in the agonist response evoked by compound 4. The electrooxidation data suggest that the studied compounds could serve as antioxidants in OS.

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The Impact of Dietary Grape Seed Meal on Healthy and Aflatoxin B1 Afflicted Microbiota of Pigs after Weaning

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11010025 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Iulian A. Grosu ◽

Gina C. Pistol ◽

Ionelia Taranu ◽

Daniela E. Marin

Keyword(s):

Large Intestine ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Illumina Miseq ◽

Grape Seed ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Seed Meal ◽

Control Group ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact

The study investigated the effect of grape seed (GS) meal, aflatoxin (AFB1), or their combination on the large intestine microbiota of weanling piglets. Twenty-four piglets were allocated into four groups based on diet composition: (1) Control group; (2) AFB1 (320 g/kg feed) group; (3) GS group (8% inclusion in the diet); (4) AFB1 + GS group. After 30 days of experiment, the colon content was used for microbiota analyses; after isolation of total bacterial genomic DNA, V3/V4 regions of the 16S rRNA amplicons were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The raw sequences were analyzed using the v.1.9.1 QIIME pipeline software. 157 numbers of OTUs were identified among all four dietary groups with 26 of them being prevalent above 0.05% in the total relative abundance. GS and AFB1 increase the relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, while decreasing the Firmicutes abundance in a synergic manner as compared with the individual treatments. An additive or synergistic action of the two treatments was identified for Lactobacillus, Prevotella and Campylobacter, while rather an antagonistic effect was observed on Lachnospira. The action mechanisms of aflatoxin B1 and grape seed meal that drive the large intestine microbiota to these changes are not known and need further investigations.

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Bacillus velezensis as Antagonist towards Penicillium roqueforti s.l. in Silage: in vitro and in vivo Evaluation

10.20944/preprints201801.0273.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eva Wambacq ◽

Kris Audenaert ◽

Monica Höfte ◽

Sarah De Saeger ◽

Geert Haesaert

Keyword(s):

Cell Suspension ◽

Antagonistic Activity ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Penicillium Roqueforti ◽

Bacillus Velezensis ◽

Toxigenic Fungi ◽

The Impact

In Belgium, silages are often infected by Penicillium roqueforti sensu lato (s.l.). These toxigenic fungi are well adapted to silage conditions, and their prevention during feed-out is difficult. Bacillus velezensis strain NRRL B-23189 has been reported to inhibit P. roqueforti s.s. conidiospore germination in vitro by the production of lipopeptides. In the present study, the antagonistic effect of this B. velezensis strain towards P. roqueforti s.l. was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, corn silage conditions were simulated, and the impact of B. velezensis culture supernatant or cell suspension on P. roqueforti s.l. growth, conidiospore germination and survival and roquefortine C production was evaluated. The antagonism was promising, but growth of B. velezensis in corn silage infusion was poor. An in vivo experiment with microsilos containing a mixture of perennial ryegrass and white clover artificially contaminated with P. roqueforti s.l. was carried out to determine if B. velezensis cell suspension could be used as an antagonistic silage inoculant. The B. velezensis cell suspension applied was unsuccessful in reducing P. roqueforti s.l. numbers at desiling after 56 days compared to no additive application. However, feed-out of the silage was not simulated, so it remains elusive whether or not B. velezensis exerts antagonistic activity during this phase. 

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Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate Improves Intestinal Health by Modulating Its Development and Microbiota in Weaned Rabbits

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.579006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yang Chen ◽

Shuaishuai Hu ◽

Jiali Li ◽

Bohao Zhao ◽

Naisu Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Intestinal Health ◽

Intestinal Environment ◽

The Impact

Intestinal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and agricultural animals, especially newborns and weaned animals. Preventive treatments that help weaned animals maintain homeostasis and balance the hindgut microbial populations are desirable. The present study aimed to explore the impact of bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) on the intestinal health by analyzing the intestinal environment, morphology, expression of peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), and flora of weaned rabbits. A total of 300 New Zealand weaned rabbits were randomly divided into the following five treatment groups for a 35-day feed trial: control group (basal diet), bacitracin zinc (BZ) group (50 mg/kg BZ), BMDa group (100 mg/kg BMD), BMDb group (50 mg/kg BMD), and BMDc group (rabbits fed a basal diet supplemented with 25 mg/kg BMD). In each treatment group, 28 rabbits were slaughtered for experimental analysis. The results showed that the supplementation of BMD increased the environmental acidity of the cecum of the weaned rabbits and reduced the ammonia-nitrogen concentration, which was beneficial to the survival of useful bacteria in the intestine. The morphology analysis of the duodenum using hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that the villus length, villus/crypt ratio, and intestinal wall thickness increased in the BMD group, thereby improving the structure of the duodenum and the absorption capacity of the small intestine. Moreover, real-time polymerase chain reaction test showed that PGRPs (especially PGLYRP-1 and PGLYRP-2) in the intestinal had an antagonistic effect with BMD in the process of inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, resulting in their decreased expression (P < 0.05). Furthermore, through 16S rRNA sequencing in the cecal content, the abundance of the predominant phyla in the BMDa and BZ groups was found to be the closest. The abundance of the genera Lachnospira, Erysipelotrichaceae (p-75-a5), Paraprevotellaceae (YRC22), Mogibacterium, Peptococcaceae (rc4-4), Anaerovibrio, Succinivibrio, and Sphaerochaeta increased in the BMDa and BZ groups (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Alistipes, Sedimentibacter, and Dorea significantly increased only in the BMDa group (P < 0.05). Conclusively, BMD, as well as microbes, improved the intestinal environment and structure to maintain the intestinal health of weaned rabbits.

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Process engineering of biopharmaceutical production in moss bioreactors via model-based description and evaluation of phytohormone impact

10.1101/2021.12.19.473340 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Natalia Ruiz-Molina ◽

Juliana Parsons ◽

Sina Schroeder ◽

Clemens Posten ◽

Ralf Reski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Recombinant Protein ◽

Co2 Enrichment ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Continuous Operation ◽

Specific Productivity ◽

Fed Batch ◽

Synthesis Inhibitor ◽

Auxin Synthesis ◽

Biopharmaceutical Production ◽

The Impact

The moss Physcomitrella is an interesting production host for recombinant biopharmaceuticals. Here we produced MFHR1, a synthetic complement regulator which has been proposed for the treatment of diseases associated to the complement system as part of human innate immunity. We studied the impact of different operation modes for the production process in 5 L stirred-tank photobioreactors. The total amount of recombinant protein was doubled by using fed-batch or batch compared to semi-continuous operation, although the maximum specific productivity (mg MFHR1/g FW) increased just by 35%. We proposed an unstructured kinetic model which fits accurately with the experimental data in batch and semi-continuous operation under autotrophic conditions with 2% CO2 enrichment. The model is able to predict recombinant protein production, nitrate uptake and biomass growth, which is useful for process control and optimization. We investigated strategies to further increase MFHR1 production. While mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions decreased the MFHR1-specific productivity compared to autotrophic conditions, addition of the phytohormone auxin (NAA, 10 μM) to the medium enhanced it by 470% in shaken flasks and up to 230% and 260%, in batch and fed-batch bioreactors, respectively. Supporting this finding, the auxin-synthesis inhibitor L-Kynurenine (100 μM) decreased MFHR1 production significantly by 110% and 580% at day 7 and 18, respectively. Expression analysis revealed that the MFHR1 transgene, driven by the Physcomitrella actin5 (PpAct5) promoter, was upregulated 16 hours after NAA addition and remained enhanced over the whole process, whereas the auxin-responsive gene PpIAA1A was upregulated within the first two hours, indicating that the effect of auxin on PpAct5 promoter-driven expression is indirect. Furthermore, the day of NAA supplementation was crucial, leading to an up to 8-fold increase of MFHR1-specific productivity (0.82 mg MFHR1/ g fresh weight, 150 mg accumulated over 7 days) compared to the productivity reported previously. Our findings are likely to be applicable to other plant-based expression systems to increase biopharmaceutical production and yields.

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ЗМІНИ БІЛКОВИХ ПОКАЗНИКІВ КРОВІ КОРОПА ЗА ВИКОРИСТАННЯ КОМПЛЕКСУ СИМБІОНТНИХ МІКРООРГАНІЗМІВ

Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.15421/nvlvet7043 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (3(70)) ◽

pp. 181-184

Author(s):

T. Mazur ◽

I. Garkusha

Keyword(s):

Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽

Total Protein ◽

Fish Farming ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

The Body ◽

Blood Protein ◽

Physiological Status ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Accurate Information ◽

The Impact

In modern conditions the intensification of cultivation and fish farming industrial fish farming today is based on the principles of technological pipeline. One way of improving the technology of cultivation and breeding of fish and maintain normal physiological status is the use of probiotic microorganisms. Fruits included in their composition can produce different active substances disposed of harmful metabolic products provide an antagonistic effect on pathogens. It is known that the use of probiotics affect the cellular and biochemical composition of blood, including the performance level of protein in the blood. The purpose of these studies was to determine the impact of complex probiotic microorganism Bacillus subtillis and Lactobacillus acidophilus compared with the use of these monocultures of microorganisms on the blood protein fractions of common carp. Through monitoring of total protein in serum may receive the most accurate information about the immune status carp. It was found that the inclusion in the diet of carp probiotic complex consisting of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus vplyvayea more positive on blood levels of total protein and its fractions in the serum of carp than using the latest in a monoculture. Besides data indicate intensification of metabolic processes in the body of the fish. However, the increase in γ–globulins shows a positive effect probiotynoho complex on humoral immunity factor carp.

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