Perspectives on Racial Phenotypicality Bias

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith B. Maddox
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
The Face ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination

This article reviews research examining racial phenotypicality bias—within-category stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination based on race-related phenotypic characteristics of the face. A literature review of research examining skin tone bias, drawing largely from work examining perceptions of Blacks in the United States, reveals that individuals with features typical of members of their racial category are perceived and treated more negatively by social perceivers. Furthermore, this treatment has broad implications for social status and health. Despite this evidence, the tendency to attend to and use within-race variation in phenotypic appearance has been over-looked in social psychological models of impression formation. However, several theoretical frameworks have recently been proposed to explain the role of phenotype-based expectancies in social representation and judgment. Drawing on the strengths of each perspective, a rudimentary model of racial phenotypicality bias is proposed. This analysis suggests that future examinations guided by the current framework (or similar others) can complement existing evidence toward a greater understanding of the role of phenotypic variation in social perception.

scholarly journals Dilemmas of resistance: How concerns for cultural identity shape and constrain resistance among minority groups

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew G Livingstone ◽  
Russell Spears ◽  
Antony Manstead ◽  
Damilola Makanju ◽  
Joseph Sweetman
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Major Theme ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
Key Aspects

A major theme in social psychological models of collective action is that a sense of shared social identity is a critical foundation for collective action. In this review, we suggest that for many minority groups, this foundational role of social identity can be double edged. This is because material disadvantage is also often coupled with the historical erosion of key aspects of ingroup culture and other group-defining attributes, constituting a threat to the very sense of who “we” are. This combination presents a set of dilemmas of resistance for minority groups seeking to improve their ingroup’s position. Focusing on the role of ingroup language and history, we present an integrative review of our research on five different dilemmas. We conclude that the central role of social identity in collective action and resistance can itself present challenges for groups whose core sense of who they are has been eroded.

Planning or Improvisation

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Alasdair Roberts
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Governance Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Imperfect Knowledge

This chapter assesses the role of planning in the design of governance strategies. Enthusiasm for large-scale planning—also known as overall, comprehensive, long-term, economic, or social planning—boomed and collapsed in twentieth century. At the start of that century, progressive reformers seized on planning as the remedy for the United States' social and economic woes. By the end of the twentieth century, enthusiasm for large-scale planning had collapsed. Plans could be made, but they were unlikely to be obeyed, and even if they were obeyed, they were unlikely to work as predicted. The chapter then explains that leaders should make plans while being realistic about the limits of planning. It is necessary to exercise foresight, set priorities, and design policies that seem likely to accomplish those priorities. Simply by doing this, leaders encourage coordination among individuals and businesses, through conversation about goals and tactics. Neither is imperfect knowledge a total barrier to planning. There is no “law” of unintended consequences: it is not inevitable that government actions will produce entirely unexpected results. The more appropriate stance is modesty about what is known and what can be achieved. Plans that launch big schemes on brittle assumptions are more likely to fail. Plans that proceed more tentatively, that allow room for testing, learning, and adjustment, are less likely to collapse in the face of unexpected results.

The role of culture in relational aggression: Associations with social-psychological adjustment problems in Japanese and US school-aged children

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshito Kawabata ◽  
Nicki. R. Crick ◽  
Yoshikazu Hamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Japanese Children ◽  
Adjustment Problems ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Us Children

The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate psychometric properties that assess forms of aggression (i.e., relational and physical aggression) across cultures (i.e., Japan and the United States) and (2) to investigate the role of culture in the associations between forms of aggression and social-psychological adjustment problems such as depressive symptoms and delinquency. Participants consisted of 296 fourth-graders (197 Japanese and 99 US children). It was hypothesized that relative to US children, relational aggression would be more strongly associated with depressive symptoms for Japanese children. Findings supported our hypothesis, suggesting that Japanese children may be more vulnerable to negative interpersonal experiences, including relational aggression.

Feminine Beauty, National Identity and Political Conflict in Postwar Italy, 1945–1954

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Gundle
Keyword(s):  
Political Leadership ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Beauty Contests ◽  
Feminine Beauty ◽  
The Face ◽  
Postwar Italy ◽  
First Time

After 1945 the Italian tradition of feminine beauty was redefined in a democratic context in which women, for the first time, became full citizens. Faced with a far-reaching challenge from Hollywood, traditional criteria of beauty were first strenuously defended and then modified and commercialised. Beauty contests proved to be a vital vehicle in this transition, since they acted both as a forum for the reassertion of Italian beauty and as a vehicle for the displacement of old ideas centred on the face with a new concept based on the eroticised body. This transition became bound up with the ongoing political conflict between Catholics and the left for the moral and political leadership of the country. While both, with different emphases, championed ‘natural’ at the expense of American-style ‘manufactured’ beauty, competition led them to engage with, and in some way adopt, the sexualised beauty that was the hallmark of the role of the United States in furnishing new models for the consumer society that would develop rapidly in the later 1950s.

scholarly journals Did Social Connection Decline During the First Wave of COVID-19?: The Role of Extraversion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dunigan Parker Folk ◽  
Karynna Okabe-Miyamoto ◽  
Elizabeth Warren Dunn ◽  
Sonja Lyubomirsky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Connection ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Face ◽  
Negative Effect

In two pre-registered studies, we tracked changes in individuals’ feelings of social connection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Both studies capitalized on measures of social connection and well-being obtained prior to the COVID-19 pandemic by recruiting the same participants again in the midst of the pandemic’s upending effects. Study 1 included a sample of undergraduates from a Canadian university (N = 467), and Study 2 included community adults primarily from the United States and the United Kingdom (N = 336). Our results suggest that people experienced relatively little change in feelings of social connection in the face of the initial reshaping of their social lives caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Exploratory analyses suggested that relatively extraverted individuals exhibited larger declines in social connection. However, after controlling for levels of social connection prior to the pandemic (as pre-registered), the negative effect of extraversion reversed (Study 1) or disappeared (Study 2).

scholarly journals Rethinking human-animal relations: The critical role of social psychology

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 769-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristof Dhont ◽  
Gordon Hodson ◽  
Steve Loughnan ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Social Psychological Research ◽  
Human Animal

People deeply value their social bonds with companion animals, yet routinely devalue other animals, considering them mere commodities to satisfy human interests and desires. Despite the inherently social and intergroup nature of these complexities, social psychology is long overdue in integrating human-animal relations in its theoretical frameworks. The present body of work brings together social psychological research advancing our understanding of: 1) the factors shaping our perceptions and thinking about animals as social groups, 2) the complexities involved in valuing (caring) and devaluing (exploiting) animals, and 3) the implications and importance of human-animal relations for human intergroup relations. In this article, we survey the diversity of research paradigms and theoretical frameworks developed within the intergroup relations literature that are relevant, perchance critical, to the study of human-animal relations. Furthermore, we highlight how understanding and rethinking human-animal relations will eventually lead to a more comprehensive understanding of many human intergroup phenomena.

Enduring Minds in Austen

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Auyoung
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Pride And Prejudice ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Implied Author ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
As If

This chapter draws on social psychological models of impression formation to show how Pride and Prejudice enables readers to acquire uncommonly durable mental models of its characters. This makes it possible to explain why Jane Austen’s readers have sometimes claimed that even flat characters devoid of psychological complexity can seem as lifelike and familiar as actual friends. The chapter also presents a new way to account for another distinctive feature of Austen’s reception history, which is the tendency for fans of Austen’s novels to display a possessive desire for friendship with the author herself. From a sociolinguistic perspective, Austen’s ironic, impersonal, and indirect style of narration permits readers to feel as if they share private rapport with the implied author.

Empathy and the failure to treat pain

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVEN D. PASSIK ◽  
KAREN BYERS ◽  
KENNETH L. KIRSH
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Barriers ◽  
The Face ◽  
Push Forward ◽  
Rational Therapy

We set out to discuss the psychological barriers that exist in the treatment of pain. Specifically, we argue that clinicians have several innate mechanisms at play that can hinder their judgment and lead to erroneous assumptions about their patients. Issues are discussed from social psychological and psychodynamic perspectives. A focus is placed on the issue of empathy and how this, too, can act as a barrier to rational judgment when evaluating patients. In the face of growing scrutiny on pain management in the United States, it is important to understand the barriers to providing care that already exist on an intrinsic level. Through the exploration of these barriers, clinicians might be better able to reflect on their own practice. Ultimately, we hope to push forward an agenda of rational therapy in pain management that utilizes safeguards against abuse and addiction while also preserving treatment modalities for patients in need of services.

scholarly journals Recuperar la ciudadanía post-deportación en la frontera México-Estados Unidos

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Gabriela Irina Pinillos Quintero ◽  
Laura Velasco Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequalities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Border City ◽  
Mexican State ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
The Face ◽  
National Affiliation ◽  
Relationship Of

This article aims to analyze the importance of formal citizenship in the reintegration process of people deported from the United States to Mexico. The analysis parts from the case study of deportations to the border city of Tijuana, Baja California, which includes 68 in-depth interviews focused on redocumentation to demonstrate their national affiliation. The main findings show that the condition of documentation plays a strategic role in the processes of re-citizenship in the countries of origin. Upon return by a process of deportation, there is a revitalization of the importance of formal citizenship that seemed outweighed in the face of the multiple forms of affiliation, belonging, and local participation. The role of private and social actors is strategic in the processes of redocumentation and recovery of the relationship of individuals with the State, which also reflects the reproduction of multiple social inequalities between subjects of the Mexican State.

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