scholarly journals Sexual Dimorphism of Growth Hormone in the Hypothalamus: Regulation by Estradiol

Endocrinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (4) ◽  
pp. 1898-1907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melisande L. Addison ◽  
Emilie F. Rissman
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Α ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Hormone ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

GH is best known as an anterior pituitary hormone fundamental in regulating growth, differentiation, and metabolism. GH peptide and mRNA are also present in brain, in which their functions are less well known. Here we describe the distribution of GH neurons and fibers and sex differences in Gh mRNA in adult mouse brain. Cell bodies exhibiting GH immunoreactivity are distributed in many brain regions, particularly in the hypothalamus in which retrograde labeling suggests that some of these cells project to the median eminence. To determine whether Gh mRNA is sexual dimorphic, we carried out quantitative RT-PCR on microdissected brain nuclei. Ovary-intact mice had elevated Gh mRNA in the arcuate nucleus and medial preoptic area (MPOA) compared with gonad-intact males. In males, castration increased Gh mRNA in the MPOA, whereas ovariectomy decreased Gh mRNA in both regions. When gonadectomized adults of both sexes were treated with estradiol Gh mRNA increased in females but had no effect in castrated males. Tamoxifen was able to blunt the rise in Gh mRNA in response to estradiol in females. In addition, we found that estrogen receptor-α is coexpressed in GH neurons in the MPOA and arcuate nucleus. In summary, the findings reveal sexual dimorphisms in Gh gene expression in areas of the brain associated with reproduction and behavior. Interestingly, estradiol enhances Gh mRNA in females only, suggesting that multiple factors orchestrate this sexual dimorphism.

The somatic error hypothesis of anxiety

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahib S. Khalsa ◽  
Justin S. Feinstein
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Novel Therapies ◽  
Body State ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

A regulatory battle for control ensues in the central nervous system following a mismatch between the current physiological state of an organism as mapped in viscerosensory brain regions and the predicted body state as computed in visceromotor control regions. The discrepancy between the predicted and current body state (i.e. the “somatic error”) signals a need for corrective action, motivating changes in both cognition and behavior. This chapter argues that anxiety disorders are fundamentally driven by somatic errors that fail to be adaptively regulated, leaving the organism in a state of dissonance where the predicted body state is perpetually out of line with the current body state. Repeated failures to quell somatic error can result in long-term changes to interoceptive circuitry within the brain. This chapter explores the neuropsychiatric sequelae that can emerge following chronic allostatic dysregulation of somatic errors and discusses novel therapies that might help to correct this dysregulation.

How Stress Physically Re-shapes the Brain: Impact on Brain Cell Shapes, Numbers and Connections in Psychiatric Disorders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Kaul ◽  
Sibylle Schwab ◽  
Naguib Mechawar ◽  
Natalie Matosin
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Brain Pathology ◽  
Cell Shapes ◽  
Brain Circuitry ◽  
The Brain

Exposure to stressful or traumatic experiences is one of the most robust risk factors for severe psychiatric disorders and has been shown to reshape entire brain regions, especially those involved in processing the stress response. This is likely underpinned by alterations to brain cell shapes, numbers and their connections, thus changing brain circuitry to enable coping with the current and future stress. In this review, we present a model for how stress re-shapes the brain, consolidating evidence of morphometric changes and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie them. We illustrate how the temporal effects of stress can cause persistent remodelling of brain cells, highlighting that an individual's stress history is important for understanding psychiatric disorder risk and development. Understanding how stress re-shapes the brain is a critical step for understanding stress as a risk factor for brain pathology, and to develop appropriate biomarkers, treatments and intervention strategies.

scholarly journals Localization of Free and Bound Metal Species through X-Ray Synchrotron Fluorescence Microscopy in the Rodent Brain and Their Relation to Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Neely ◽  
Stephen Lippi ◽  
Antonio Lanzirotti ◽  
Jane Flinn
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Metal Species ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mediate Cell ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
The Brain

Biometals in the brain, such as zinc, copper, and iron, are often discussed in cases of neurological disorders; however, these metals also have important regulatory functions and mediate cell signaling and plasticity. With the use of synchrotron X-ray fluorescence, our lab localized total, both bound and free, levels of zinc, copper, and iron in a cross section of one hemisphere of a rat brain, which also showed differing metal distributions in different regions within the hippocampus, the site in the brain known to be crucial for certain types of memory. This review discusses the several roles of these metals in brain regions with an emphasis on hippocampal cell signaling, based on spatial mapping obtained from X-ray fluorescence microscopy. We also discuss the localization of these metals and emphasize different cell types and receptors in regions with metal accumulation, as well as the potential relationship between this physiology and behavior.

Partial saturation and regional variation in the blood-to-brain transport of leptin in normal weight mice

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (6) ◽  
pp. E1158-E1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Banks ◽  
Cecilia M. Clever ◽  
Catherine L. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Optimal Function ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Impaired blood-brain barrier transport of leptin into the arcuate nucleus has been suggested to underlie obesity in humans and outbred aging mice. Here, we used a brain perfusion method in mice to measure transport rates and kinetic parameters for leptin at vascular concentrations between 0.15 and 130 ng/ml. Transport into whole brain was partially saturated at all concentrations, not only those seen in obesity. Leptin entered all regions of the brain, not only the hypothalamus, with entry and saturation rates differing among the brain regions. The value of the Michaelis-Menten constant of the transporter approximates normal serum levels and the maximum velocity value varies significantly among brain regions. These results suggest an important role for low serum levels signaling starvation status to the brain and show that the levels of leptin seen in obesity greatly saturate the transporter. Differences in regional uptake and saturation provide a mechanism by which leptin can control events mediated at the arcuate nucleus and other regions of the central nervous system with different regional thresholds for optimal function.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Brain Responses: New Opportunities for Tailoring Health Communication Campaigns

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Huskey ◽  
Benjamin O. Turner ◽  
René Weber
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Message Processing ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Message Tailoring ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Prevention neuroscience investigates the brain basis of attitude and behavior change. Over the years, an increasingly structurally and functionally resolved “persuasion network” has emerged. However, current studies have only identified a small handful of neural structures that are commonly recruited during persuasive message processing, and the extent to which these (and other) structures are sensitive to numerous individual difference factors remains largely unknown. In this project we apply a multi-dimensional similarity-based individual differences analysis to explore which individual factors—including characteristics of messages and target audiences—drive patterns of brain activity to be more or less similar across individuals encountering the same anti-drug public service announcements (PSAs). We demonstrate that several ensembles of brain regions show response patterns that are driven by a variety of unique factors. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for neural models of persuasion, prevention neuroscience and message tailoring, and methodological implications for future research.

scholarly journals Molecular atlas of the adult mouse brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (26) ◽  
pp. eabb3446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cantin Ortiz ◽  
Jose Fernandez Navarro ◽  
Aleksandra Jurek ◽  
Antje Märtin ◽  
Joakim Lundeberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Adult Mouse Brain ◽  
Systematic Classification ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Brain

Brain maps are essential for integrating information and interpreting the structure-function relationship of circuits and behavior. We aimed to generate a systematic classification of the adult mouse brain based purely on the unbiased identification of spatially defining features by employing whole-brain spatial transcriptomics. We found that the molecular information was sufficient to deduce the complex and detailed neuroanatomical organization of the brain. The unsupervised (non-expert, data-driven) classification revealed new area- and layer-specific subregions, for example in isocortex and hippocampus, and new subdivisions of striatum. The molecular atlas further supports the characterization of the spatial identity of neurons from their single-cell RNA profile, and provides a resource for annotating the brain using a minimal gene set—a brain palette. In summary, we have established a molecular atlas to formally define the spatial organization of brain regions, including the molecular code for mapping and targeting of discrete neuroanatomical domains.

Mechanism of the induction of brain c-Fos-positive neurons by lipid absorption

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (1) ◽  
pp. R268-R273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Min Lo ◽  
Liyun Ma ◽  
Dian Ming Zhang ◽  
Rachel Lee ◽  
Abby Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Ventromedial Hypothalamus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Neuronal Activation ◽  
Positive Neuron ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chylomicron Formation ◽  
The Brain

Many gastrointestinal meal-related signals are transmitted to the central nervous system via the vagus nerve and thereby control changes in meal size. The c-Fos-positive neuron has been used as a marker of neuronal activation after lipid meals to examine the contribution of a selective macronutrient on brain neurocircuit activity. In rats fed Intralipid, the c-Fos-positive neurons were highly stimulated in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and in the hypothalamus, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), and ventromedial hypothalamus at 4 h lipid feeding. However, c-Fos-like immunoreactivity was markedly attenuated in these brain regions when chylomicron formation/secretion was blocked by Pluronic L-81. After lymph was diverted from the lymph cannulated animals, the rats had a lower number of c-Fos-positive cells in the NTS and ARC. In contrast, the rats had higher c-Fos-positive neurons in PVN. The present study also revealed that c-Fos-positive neurons induced by feeding of Intalipid were abolished by CCK type 1 receptor antagonist, Lorglumide. We conclude that the formation and/or secretion of chylomicron are critical steps for initiating neuronal activation in the brain.

scholarly journals A Transcriptome Community-and-Module Approach of the Human Mesoconnectome

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1031
Author(s):  
Omar Paredes ◽  
Jhonatan B. López ◽  
César Covantes-Osuna ◽  
Vladimir Ocegueda-Hernández ◽  
Rebeca Romo-Vázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Brain Atlas ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Transcriptome Database ◽  
Modular Composition ◽  
Higher Order Functions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Visual Network

Graph analysis allows exploring transcriptome compartments such as communities and modules for brain mesostructures. In this work, we proposed a bottom-up model of a gene regulatory network to brain-wise connectome workflow. We estimated the gene communities across all brain regions from the Allen Brain Atlas transcriptome database. We selected the communities method to yield the highest number of functional mesostructures in the network hierarchy organization, which allowed us to identify specific brain cell functions (e.g., neuroplasticity, axonogenesis and dendritogenesis communities). With these communities, we built brain-wise region modules that represent the connectome. Our findings match with previously described anatomical and functional brain circuits, such the default mode network and the default visual network, supporting the notion that the brain dynamics that carry out low- and higher-order functions originate from the modular composition of a GRN complex network

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document