scholarly journals Ghrelin Supresses Sympathetic Hyperexcitation in Acute Heart Failure in Male Rats: Assessing Centrally and Peripherally Mediated Pathways

Endocrinology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 156 (9) ◽  
pp. 3309-3316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikiyasu Shirai ◽  
Natalie Joe ◽  
Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi ◽  
Takashi Sonobe ◽  
Daryl O. Schwenke
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Afferent Pathways ◽  
Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Acute Mi ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Bilateral Vagotomy ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

The hormone ghrelin prevents a dangerous increase in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) after acute myocardial infarction (MI), although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study aimed to determine whether ghrelin's sympathoinhibitory properties stem either from directly within the central nervous system, or via modulation of specific cardiac vagal inhibitory afferents. Cardiac SNA was recorded in urethane-anesthetized rats for 3 hours after the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (ie, MI). Rats received ghrelin either sc (150 μg/kg) or intracerebroventricularly (5 μg/kg) immediately after the MI. In another two groups, the cervical vagi were denervated prior to the MI, followed by sc injection of either ghrelin or placebo. Acute MI induced a 188% increase in cardiac SNA, which was significantly attenuated in ghrelin-treated rats for both sc or intracerebroventricularly administration (36% and 76% increase, respectively). Consequently, mortality (47%) and the incidence of arrhythmic episodes (12 per 2 h) were improved with both routes of ghrelin administration (<13% and less than five per 2 h, respectively). Bilateral vagotomy significantly attenuated the cardiac SNA response to acute MI (99% increase). Ghrelin further attenuated the sympathetic response to MI in vagotomized rats so that the SNA response was comparable between vagotomized and vagal-intact MI rats treated with ghrelin. These results suggest that ghrelin may act primarily via a central pathway within the brain to suppress SNA after MI, although peripheral vagal afferent pathways may also contribute in part. The exact region(s) within the central nervous system whereby ghrelin inhibits SNA remains to be fully elucidated.

scholarly journals Understanding the Central Nervous System Symptoms of Rotavirus: A Qualitative Review

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 658
Author(s):  
Arash Hellysaz ◽  
Marie Hagbom
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Qualitative Review ◽  
Systemic Spread ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Cns Effects ◽  
The Brain

This qualitative review on rotavirus infection and its complications in the central nervous system (CNS) aims to understand the gut–brain mechanisms that give rise to CNS driven symptoms such as vomiting, fever, feelings of sickness, convulsions, encephalitis, and encephalopathy. There is substantial evidence to indicate the involvement of the gut–brain axis in symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. The underlying mechanisms are, however, not rotavirus specific, they represent evolutionarily conserved survival mechanisms for protection against pathogen entry and invasion. The reviewed studies show that rotavirus can exert effects on the CNS trough nervous gut–brain communication, via the release of mediators, such as the rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4, which stimulates neighboring enterochromaffin cells in the intestine to release serotonin and activate both enteric neurons and vagal afferents to the brain. Another route to CNS effects is presented through systemic spread via lymphatic pathways, and there are indications that rotavirus RNA can, in some cases where the blood brain barrier is weakened, enter the brain and have direct CNS effects. CNS effects can also be induced indirectly as a consequence of systemic elevation of toxins, cytokines, and/or other messenger molecules. Nevertheless, there is still no definitive or consistent evidence for the underlying mechanisms of rotavirus-induced CNS complications and more in-depth studies are required in the future.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

Central Nervous System Processing of Emotions in Children with Fecal Incontinence and Constipation

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Monika Equit ◽  
Justine Niemczyk ◽  
Anna Kluth ◽  
Carla Thomas ◽  
Mathias Rubly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Fecal Incontinence ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Afferent Pathways ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cortical Regions

Abstract. Objective: Fecal incontinence and constipation are common disorders in childhood. The enteric nervous system and the central nervous system are highly interactive along the brain-gut axis. The interaction is mainly afferent. These afferent pathways include centers that are involved in the central nervous processing of emotions as the mid/posterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex. A previous study revealed altered processing of emotions in children with fecal incontinence. The present study replicates these results. Methods: In order to analyze the processing of emotions, we compared the event-related potentials of 25 children with fecal incontinence and constipation to those of 15 control children during the presentation of positive, negative, and neutral pictures. Results: Children with fecal incontinence and constipation showed altered processing of emotions, especially in the parietal and central cortical regions. Conclusions: The main study results of the previous study were replicated, increasing the certainty and validity of the findings.

RAS in the Central Nervous System: Potential Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (28) ◽  
pp. 3333-3352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Pessoa Rocha ◽  
Ana Cristina Simoes e Silva ◽  
Thiago Ruiz Rodrigues Prestes ◽  
Victor Feracin ◽  
Caroline Amaral Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Mas Receptor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis, but also plays important roles in mediating physiological functions in the central nervous system (CNS). The effects of the RAS were classically described as mediated by angiotensin (Ang) II via angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptors. However, another arm of the RAS formed by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Ang-(1-7) and the Mas receptor has been a matter of investigation due to its important physiological roles, usually counterbalancing the classical effects exerted by Ang II. Objective: We aim to provide an overview of effects elicited by the RAS, especially Ang-(1-7), in the brain. We also aim to discuss the therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders for the modulation of RAS. Method: We carried out an extensive literature search in PubMed central. Results: Within the brain, Ang-(1-7) contributes to the regulation of blood pressure by acting at regions that control cardiovascular functions. In contrast with Ang II, Ang-(1-7) improves baroreflex sensitivity and plays an inhibitory role in hypothalamic noradrenergic neurotransmission. Ang-(1-7) not only exerts effects related to blood pressure regulation, but also acts as a neuroprotective component of the RAS, for instance, by reducing cerebral infarct size, inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Conclusion: Pre-clinical evidence supports a relevant role for ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including stress-related and mood disorders, cerebrovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few data are available regarding the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in human CNS.

Ethanolamine: A Potential Promoiety with Additional Effects in the Brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asfree Gwanyanya ◽  
Christie Nicole Godsmark ◽  
Roisin Kelly-Laubscher
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drug Design ◽  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Bioactive Molecule ◽  
Positive Functions ◽  
The Brain

Abstract: Ethanolamine is a bioactive molecule found in several cells, including those in the central nervous system (CNS). In the brain, ethanolamine and ethanolamine-related molecules have emerged as prodrug moieties that can promote drug movement across the blood-brain barrier. This improvement in the ability to target drugs to the brain may also mean that in the process ethanolamine concentrations in the brain are increased enough for ethanolamine to exert its own neurological ac-tions. Ethanolamine and its associated products have various positive functions ranging from cell signaling to molecular storage, and alterations in their levels have been linked to neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. This mini-review focuses on the effects of ethanolamine in the CNS and highlights the possible implications of these effects for drug design.

scholarly journals Beyond Oncological Hyperthermia: Physically Drivable Magnetic Nanobubbles as Novel Multipurpose Theranostic Carriers in the Central Nervous System

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Ficiarà ◽  
Shoeb Anwar Ansari ◽  
Monica Argenziano ◽  
Luigi Cangemi ◽  
Chiara Monge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide ◽  
Conventional Radiotherapy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Magnetic Oxygen-Loaded Nanobubbles (MOLNBs), manufactured by adding Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) on the surface of polymeric nanobubbles, are investigated as theranostic carriers for delivering oxygen and chemotherapy to brain tumors. Physicochemical and cyto-toxicological properties and in vitro internalization by human brain microvascular endothelial cells as well as the motion of MOLNBs in a static magnetic field were investigated. MOLNBs are safe oxygen-loaded vectors able to overcome the brain membranes and drivable through the Central Nervous System (CNS) to deliver their cargoes to specific sites of interest. In addition, MOLNBs are monitorable either via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Ultrasound (US) sonography. MOLNBs can find application in targeting brain tumors since they can enhance conventional radiotherapy and deliver chemotherapy being driven by ad hoc tailored magnetic fields under MRI and/or US monitoring.

Some Points in the Histology of Lymphogenous and Hæmatogenous Toxic Lesions of the Spinal Cord

1908 ◽  
Vol 54 (226) ◽  
pp. 560-561
Author(s):  
David Orr ◽  
R. G. Rows
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Morphological Type ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Tabes Dorsalis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

At a quarterly meeting of this Association held last year at Nottingham, we showed the results of our experiments with toxins upon the spinal cord and brain of rabbits. Our main conclusion was, that the central nervous system could be infected by toxins passing up along the lymph channels of the perineural sheath. The method we employed in our experiments consisted in placing a celloidin capsule filled with a broth culture of an organism under the sciatic nerve or under the skin of the cheek; and we invariably found a resulting degeneration in the spinal cord or brain, according to the situation of the capsule. These lesions we found to be identical in morphological type and anatomical distribution with those found in the cord of early tabes dorsalis and in the brain and cord of general paralysis of the insane. The conclusion suggested by our work was that these two diseases, if toxic, were most probably infections of lymphogenous origin.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document