Direct economic burden of patients with autoimmune encephalitis in western China

ObjectiveTo analyze the cost of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) in China for the first time.MethodsPatients who were newly diagnosed with antibody-positive AE (anti-NMDA receptor [NMDAR], anti-γ aminobutyric acid type B receptor [GABABR], antileucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 [LGI1], and anticontactin-associated protein-2 [CASPR2]) at West China Medical Center between June 2012 and December 2018 were enrolled, and a cost-of-illness study was performed retrospectively. Data on clinical characteristics, costs, and utilization of sources were collected from questionnaires and the hospital information system.ResultsOf the 208 patients reviewed, the mean direct cost per patient was renminbi (RMB) 94,129 (United States dollars [USD] 14,219), with an average direct medical cost of RMB 88,373 (USD 13,349). The average inpatient cost per patients with AE was RMB 86,810 (USD 13,113). The direct nonmedical cost was much lower than the direct medical cost, averaging RMB 5,756 (USD 869). The direct cost of anti-LGI1/CASPR2 encephalitis was significantly lower than that of anti-NMDAR encephalitis and anti-GABABR encephalitis. The length of stay in the hospital was significantly associated with the direct cost.ConclusionsThe financial burden of AE is heavy for Chinese patients, and there are significant differences between different types of AE.

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EVALUATION OF PHARMACOECONOMIC DIRECT COST IN DIABETES PATIENTS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i4.8510 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 38

Author(s):

Venkateswarlu Konuru ◽

Kamala Sangam ◽

Anifa Mohammed ◽

Swathi Kanneganti

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Diabetic Patient ◽

Direct Medical Cost ◽

Medical Cost ◽

Average Cost ◽

Health Care Cost ◽

Vascular Complications ◽

Illness Study ◽

Total Average Cost ◽

Total Average

Objective: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major cause of disability, morbidity and mortality Worldwide. The objective of this study is to evaluate the Pharmacoeconomic direct health care cost in type II Diabetes with complications and Diabetes alone: A cost of illness study. Methods: A Prospective observational study was conducted for one year at the Care diabetes Center; Warangal. The enrolled patients were followed and the information collected contains: total direct costs, which include direct medical costs and direct nonmedical cost. The data observed was analyzed for the average cost incurred in treating the diabetic patient. Results: The total average costs per diabetic patient without complications was Rs. 8695.7±1341, this includes the average direct medical cost Rs. 6366.50± 561.12, the average lab cost Rs. 1368.84±64.8, the average direct non Medical Cost was Rs. 960.36±14.04 compared to those with DM complications,the total average cost was Rs. 12960.73±549.96 for macro vascular complications, Rs. 11039.11±265.36 for micro vascular complications. To treat Diabetes with comorbidities which include both micro and macro complications the total average cost was Rs. 16658.13±1393.44, the average direct medical cost was Rs. 14071.77±2884.68, the average lab cost Rs. 1628.04±51, the average direct non Medical Cost was Rs.958.32±13.08. The costs were found to increase progressively with the increase in the number of complications. Costs also differed significantly across the types of complications. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the cost of Diabetes with complications resulted about 2 times higher than compared to Diabetes alone.Key words: Cost analysis; diabetes; economics; health care; direct medical cost; non medical cost

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Economic burden of lung cancer in Turkey: a cost of illness study from payer perspective

Health Economics Review ◽

10.1186/s13561-021-00322-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Irfan Cicin ◽

Ergun Oksuz ◽

Nuri Karadurmus ◽

Simten Malhan ◽

Mahmut Gumus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Direct Medical Cost ◽

Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Medical Cost ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Small Cell ◽

Small Cell Lung ◽

Illness Study

Abstract Background This study was designed to estimate economic burden of lung cancer in Turkey from payer perspective based on expert panel opinion on practice patterns in clinical practice. Methods In this cost of illness study, direct medical cost was calculated based on cost items related to outpatient visits, laboratory and radiological tests, hospitalizations/interventions, drug treatment, adverse events and metastasis. Indirect cost was calculated based on lost productivity due to early retirement, morbidity and premature death resulting from the illness, the value of lost productivity due to time spent by family caregivers and cost of formal caregivers. Results Cost analysis revealed the total per patient annual direct medical cost for small cell lung cancer to be €8772), for non-small-cell lung cancer to be €10,167. Total annual direct medical cost was €497.9 million, total annual indirect medical cost was €1.1 billion and total economic burden of lung cancer was €1.6 billion. Hospitalization/interventions (41%) and indirect costs (68.6%) were the major cost drivers for total direct costs and the overall economic burden of lung cancer, respectively. Conclusions Our findings indicate per patient direct medical costs of small cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer to be substantial and comparable, indicating the substantial economic burden of lung cancer in terms of both direct and indirect costs. Our findings indicate that hospitalization/interventions cost item and indirect costs were the major cost drivers for total direct costs and the overall economic burden of lung cancer, respectively. Our findings emphasize the potential role of improved cancer prevention and early diagnosis strategies, by enabling cost savings related to drug treatment and metastasis management cost items, in sustainability of cancer treatments.

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Health expenditure among the outpatient of type-2 diabetes in selected hospital of Kathmandu district: A cross-sectional study

10.1101/2021.05.27.21257843 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rasmita shrestha ◽

Aditya Shakya

Keyword(s):

Direct Medical Cost ◽

Direct Cost ◽

Medical Cost ◽

Public Hospital ◽

Private Hospital ◽

Total Direct Cost ◽

Poor People ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Percentage Share

Introduction Pocket (OOP) expenditure is the dominant financing mechanism in low and middle-income countries. In these countries, the prevalence of diabetes has been rising more rapidly, leading to various microvascular complications, thus increasing the risk of dying prematurely. Methods A cross-sectional - comparative and hospital-based study was carried out in which OOP expenditure of diabetic patients treated in public and private hospitals was compared. A total of 154 diabetic patients i.e.77 in each type of hospital were selected purposively in consultation with attending physicians and staff. Face to face interview was done on a diabetic patient with a minimum of one year of illness using a structured questionnaire. Lorentz curve and concentration curve were prepared using the income and expenditure of the patients. Result Among 154 patients, 97.4% of patients had paid out of pocket for the treatment of diabetes. The mean direct cost per month was NRs. 7312.17 in public and NRs. 10125.31 in a private hospital. The direct medical cost had a higher share in total direct cost i.e. 60.5% in public and 69.3 % in a private hospital. Medicine cost had a higher percentage share (50.9%) in public hospital and laboratory cost had a higher percentage share (68%) in a private hospital. Conclusion The direct medical cost was higher in a private hospital as compared to a public hospital. All the income groups have to pay a similar amount of money for the treatment i.e. economic burden for the treatment of disease was found higher for the poor people as there was no financial protection mechanism.

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The direct medical cost of type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Africa: a cost of illness study

Global Health Action ◽

10.1080/16549716.2019.1636611 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 1636611 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Agnes Erzse ◽

Nicholas Stacey ◽

Lumbwe Chola ◽

Aviva Tugendhaft ◽

Melvyn Freeman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

South Africa ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Direct Medical Cost ◽

Cost Of Illness ◽

Medical Cost ◽

Illness Study ◽

Cost Of Illness Study

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Direct cost of treatment in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in Vietnam

MedPharmRes ◽

10.32895/ump.mpr.3.3.2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 7-11

Author(s):

Sy Van Hoang ◽

Tuan Thanh Tran ◽

Kha Minh Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Direct Cost ◽

Treatment Cost ◽

Financial Burden ◽

Intervention Group ◽

St Elevation Myocardial Infarction ◽

Related Factors ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Conservative Group ◽

St Elevation

Background: Acute myocardial infarction has become a serious financial burden for patients, healthcare system, and society. It is therefore necessary to assess treatment cost of myocardial infarction that had been conducted in many countries in the world and still not fully analysed in Vietnam. Thus, we sought to describe acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction treatment cost and analyse related factors to acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction treatment cost. Methods and Materials: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Patients who was diagnosed by ST-elevation myocardial infarction at Cho Ray Hospital from June 2018 to February 2019, satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: We collected 130 patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction with male: female ratio of 3:1, at average age of mean ± Standard deviation (SD) = 62.9 ± 12.6. The length of stay in hospital was mean ± SD = 7.1 ± 3.3 days and the median direct cost of MI was 68,902,500 VND (interquartile range (IQR): 5,737,200 – 104,266,000 VND). The average total cost of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in the percutaneous coronary intervention group was more than 16 times as the conservative group. The treatment strategies and hospital complications were major factors that affected treatment cost. Conclusion: The median direct cost of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction was accounted for 68,902,500 VND. Complications directly affected costs.

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Direct costs of common osteoporotic fractures (Hip, Vertebral and Forearm) in Iran

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12891-021-04535-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Marziyeh Rajabi ◽

Afshin Ostovar ◽

Ali Akbari Sari ◽

Sayed Mahmoud Sajjadi-Jazi ◽

Noushin Fahimfar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Direct Cost ◽

Osteoporotic Fractures ◽

Direct Costs ◽

Fracture Incidence ◽

Inpatient Cost ◽

First Year ◽

Forearm Fractures ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

The Us ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background Osteoporotic fractures impose significant costs on society. The objective of this study was to estimate the direct costs of the hip, vertebral, and forearm fractures in the first year after fracture incidence in Iran. Methods We surveyed a sample of 300 patients aged over 50 years with osteoporotic fractures (hip, vertebral, and forearm) admitted to four hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, during 2017 and were alive six months after the fracture. Inpatient cost data were obtained from the hospital patient records. Using a questionnaire, the data regarding outpatient costs were collected through a phone interview with patients at least six months after the fracture incidence. Direct medical and non-medical costs were estimated from a societal perspective. All costs were converted to the US dollar using the average exchange rate in 2017 (1USD = IRR 34,214) Results The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of the patient was 69.83 ± 11.25 years, and 68% were female. One hundred and seventeen (39%) patients had hip fractures, 56 (18.67%) patients had vertebral fractures, and 127 (42.33%) ones had forearm fractures. The mean direct cost (medical and non-medical) during the year after hip, vertebral and forearm fractures were estimated at USD5,381, USD2,981, and USD1,209, respectively. Conclusion The direct cost of osteoporotic fracture in Iran is high. Our findings might be useful for the economic evaluation of preventive and treatment interventions for osteoporotic fractures as well as estimating the economic burden of osteoporotic fractures in Iran.

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