Local Meanings for Supralocal Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-77
Author(s):  
Dan Villarreal ◽  
Mary Kohn

While the retraction of trap is found throughout the American West, it is primarily associated with California and supposed Californian values in both the popular media and the ears of Californian listeners. This study investigates the local construction of meaning for a supralocal sound change by examining perceptions of trap backing in Kansas, a locale that has also undergone front lax vowel retraction. Thirty-five college students heard matched-guise stimuli differing only by trap F2, guessed speakers’ regional origin, and rated speakers on 14 affective scales. Listeners associated trap backing with California (despite local participation in the sound shift) and general prestige. The authors suggest that this association with general prestige may help to explain the presence of this vowel shift in Kansas despite considerable ideological differences with California. They argue that these results highlight the interaction between local construction of meaning and broader national discourses for a sound change: while stereotypical associations with a sound change can spread rapidly through means like popular media, stance and identity associations are constructed at the local level.

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-51
Author(s):  
Dan Villarreal ◽  
Mary Kohn

While the retraction of TRAP is found throughout the American West (Fridland et al. 2016), it is associated with California and supposed Californian values in both the popular media (Pratt and D’Onofrio 2017) and the ears of Californian listeners (Villarreal 2018). This study investigates the local construction of meaning for a supra-local sound change by examining perceptions of TRAP backing in Kansas, a locale that has undergone front lax vowel retraction (Kohn and Stithem 2015). Thirty-five college students heard matched-guise stimuli differing only by TRAP F2, guessed speakers’ regional origin, and rated speakers on 14 affective scales. Listeners associated TRAP backing with California (despite local participation in the sound shift) and general prestige. We suggest that that this association with general prestige may help to explain the presence of this vowel shift in Kansas despite considerable ideological differences with California. We argue that these results highlight the interaction between local construction of meaning and broader national discourses for a sound change: While stereotypical associations with a sound change can spread rapidly through means like popular media, stance and identity associations are constructed at the local level.


2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1277-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAROLYN HEITMEYER

AbstractIn this article, I examine the seeming paradox of Hindu–Muslim romantic affairs in the wider context of communalism in Gujarat in the wake of the 2002 anti-Muslim violence. At the outset, such affairs appear to embody the most extreme form of taboo, both in their defiance of conventional arranged marriage systems (where caste endogamy and shared religious affiliation play a paramount role) as well as in the wider socio-political context in which Hindus and Muslims are viewed as irreconcilable enemies, or at least oppositional in lifestyle, beliefs, and values. Yet, while media reports in recent years have highlighted similar cases of transgressive liaisons elsewhere in India which have been met with extreme violence, the couplings which I describe in this article, are in practice tolerated by kin and neighbours as an ‘open secret’ which, while public knowledge, has not incurred strong retribution. While love has often been presented as a force for emancipation from the constraints of social conventions and norms in the popular media, I argue that this ‘toleration’ of inter-religious liaisons in the cases I describe suggests the very opposite: namely, that they do not present a significant challenge to entrenched social divisions at the local level.


2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette D'Onofrio ◽  
Teresa Pratt ◽  
Janneke Van Hofwegen

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the California Vowel Shift, previously characterized as a chain shift, in communities across California's Central Valley. An incremental apparent time analysis of 72 Californians’ vowel spaces provides no clear evidence of a gradual chain shift; that is, changes have not unfolded in an order that reflects an implicational chain in chronological time. Instead, we see contemporaneous movements of vowels that work against the phonological tendency of maximal dispersion typically invoked in describing chain shifts. By analyzing change in the size and dispersion of the entire vowel space, we find that ongoing sound change is instead characterized by a holistic compression of the vowel space. This suggests that, in these California communities, the shift's unfolding was driven by articulatory and social, rather than purely phonological, factors. We propose that the analysis of the size and spread of holistic vowel space can help characterize the nature and motivations for vocalic changes.


2022 ◽  
pp. 104-125
Author(s):  
Cenay Babaoglu ◽  
Elvettin Akman

By improving ICT within the scope of administration, new terms like e-government, m-government, e-governance, e-participation appeared in the field of public administration. The concept of e-government affects municipalities—closest service units to the citizens—and with this effect developed the term e-municipality. Municipalities in Turkey began to use the new technologies for the delivery of services, and terms like e-participation and e-governance are widening rapidly. This chapter investigates whether Facebook pages are an effective tool for local participation. The social media-citizen relationship that is claimed to be more effective, especially at the local level, has been evaluated through the Facebook pages of the municipalities. This chapter focuses on the role of social media in participatory administration.


2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Frazão Teixeira ◽  
Davi Gabriel Lopes ◽  
Juan Arturo Castañeda-Ayarza

The present article, based on a systemic approach, analyzed rural electrification policies and programs in China and Brazil, two countries that have already reached 99% of the population receiving electricity in rural areas. This analysis was focused on four macro-factors (governance, funding, implementation and monitoring and technological available), which together collaborated in a positive or negative way for the evolutionary process of rural electrification policy. The study allowed to conclude that a clear priority was given to macro-factors funding (mainly public) and available technologies, which made possible the advances in rural electrification but undermined the reliability of the system and its relationship with local income generation processes. In the case of China local participation (utilities, energy and population) was observed, but with negative points for governance and monitoring. In the Brazilian case, the bottleneck remains the Amazon region, which requires structures based on the macro factors that are dimensioned for the region. Finally, a decision-making framework was set up based on scenarios for rural electrification in developing countries, showing that it is possible to maintain the rural electrification process from the strong funding structures and available technologies, but the deadline for universalization will have no set term if there are no solid structures of governance and management at the local level.


2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelique Edmonds

This paper considers the gap between knowing and mobilised action and investigates local urban examples where action is mobilised. The purpose of this is to consider what such examples can tell us about the conditions required to mobilise action and hence how to foster those conditions. Making cities sustainable is now a major aim and claim of most cities in the world. A myriad of definitions of sustainable development have been proposed but it has not been easy to find one that simultaneously satisfies economists, ecologists, sociologists, philosophers and policy makers. The problem in part relates to uncertainty about the object of sustainability, rather than the idea itself. What is it that ought to be sustained? It is increasingly internationally recognised that many effective solutions for environmental sustainability have their roots in local action and co-ordination. For that reason capacity within local government and the mobilisation of participation at the local level is a pivotal enabler for change. In the context of the discussion raised by the Cities, Nature Justice Conference and project, this paper focuses on discussion of urban local contexts and discusses the importance of local participation and engagement as critical enablers for mobilised action. Of particular interest in these local contexts, is the movement from a state of awareness of social and environmental issues of sustainability, to an active, constructive awareness that informs changes in behaviour and action that lead to sustainable practices of living.


Diachronica ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Johnston

SUMMARY The English Great Vowel Shift (GVS) is often described as a seamless chain shift, where each height of vowel, in moving, impinges on or is pulled by the vowel above it. This scenario is supported by orthoëpic evidence dealing with the Standard and can capture the shift of most Southern and Midland localized varieties also. When dealing with more northerly varieties, or Southern ones with a gap in the system, the notion of a seamless chain breaks down; there are plainly shifts in the North Midlands where a low-mid vowel did not raise to a high-mid one, breaking the chain, and shifts in dialects where high-mid monophthongs did not exist. Postulating that the movement of the top two heights and the bottom two were independent in origin can explain all types of GVS shifts, and is supported by evidence from medieval spellings, which imply that the two chains started in different places (the top half in the Northwest Midlands and the Southwest, the bottom in the Plain of York); and by Yorkshire dialect evidence, which implies an opposite relative ordering of the two chains with respect to each other to elsewhere. Each of the 'small vowel shifts', which are assumed to have intertwined during their spread in many dialects, can be related to sound change processes occurring in other periods, making the GVS less typologically odd, and opening up arguments by analogy with modern processes as possible explanations for its occurrence. RÉSUMÉ On décrit souvent le grand changement des voyelles (GVS) en anglais comme changement régulier en chaîne, où chaque niveau de voyelle, en se déplaçant, se heurte à ou est tiré par la voyelle supérieure. Ce point de vue se fonde sur des témoignages orthoépiques pris à l'anglais cultivé, et peut expliquer aussi le changement de la plupart des variétés localisées au Sud et au Centre. Mais quand on opère avec un plus grand nombre de variétés du Nord, ou du Sud, comportant une rupture dans le système, la notion de chaine régulière s'effondre; on voit nettement des changements se produire en bordure septentrionale du Centre où une voyelle mi-basse ne s'est pas élevée à une voyelle mi-haute, cassant ainsi la chaîne; il n'y eut pas de changements dans des dialectes où des monothongues de hauteur moyenne. Si l'on postule que le mouvement des deux niveaux les plus hauts et celui des deux niveaux les plus bas étaient originellement indépendants, on peut expliquer toutes sortes de changements GVS. Cette idée est étayée par des témoignages orthographiques médiévaux, qui suggèrent que les deux chaines ont commencé en des endroits différents (moitié supérieure de la région septentrionale du Centre et du Sud-Ouest, moitié inférieure dans la plaine de York); et par des indications données par le dialecte de Yorkshire, qui suggèrent un ordre relatif des deux chaines opposé à ce qu'on voit ailleurs. Tous les 'petits changements de voyelles' qui se sont probablement entrelacés au cour de leur diffusion dans de nombreux dialectes peuvent être mis en rapport avec des changements phonétiques qui eurent lieu pendant d'autres périodes. Une telle relation rendrait les changements GVS typologiquement moins étranges; elle trouverait des parallèles dans des processus modernes susceptibles d'en expliquer l'existence. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die GroBe Englische Vokalverschiebung (GVS) wird oft als eine nahtlose Kette beschrieben, wobei jede Vokalhöhe, wenn sie in Bewegung gerät, Druck auf die jeweils höhere ausübt oder ein Vokal von dem jeweils höheren Vokal angezogen wird. Ein solcher Vorgang wird durch orthoëpische Evidenz unter-stiitzt, die mit der Standardspraehe zu tun hat, und es kann auch die Verschie-bung der meisten örtlichen Varietâten in den südenglisehen Gebieten und den Midlands abdecken. Wenn man jedoch die weiter nordlichen Mundarten be-trachtet oder siidliche, die eine Liïcke im System aufweisen, bricht die Vor-stellung einer nahtlosen Kette zusammen; es gibt einfach Verschiebungen in den nordlichen Midlands, in denen ein mittler-niederer Vokal nicht zu einem mittleren-hohen gehoben wurde. Auf dièse Weise wird also die Kette durch-brochen; Lautverschiebungen treten in Dialekten auf, in denen es keine mittlerenhohen Monophthonge gibt. Wenn man dagegen postuliert, daB die Bewegung der beiden oberen hohen und der beiden unteren tiefen Vokalreihen ursprlinglich unabhàngig voneinander vor sich ging, kann man alle Typen der GVS erklâren. Eine solche Analyse wird in der Tat durch Evidenz mittel-alterlicher Orthographie unterstiitzt, die nahelegt, daB zwei Ketten an verschie-denen Stellen ihren Anfang hatten, nämlich die 'obere Hälfte' in den nord-westlichen Midlands und im Sudwesten, die 'untere Hälfte' in der Tiefebene von York. Dazu kommt auBerdem, daß die Yorkshire-Dialekte eine kontrâre relative Anordnung der beiden (Teil-)Ketten nahelegen würde. Eine jede dieser beiden 'Kleinen Vokal verschiebungen', von denen hier angenommen wird, daB sie wâhrend ihrer Ausbreitung in verschiedenen Mundarten miteinander verflochten wurden, kann mit Lautwandelprozessen verbunden werden, die in anderen Perioden auftreten, so daB die GVS typologisch weniger eigenartig erscheint. Auf diese Weise wird die Diskussion frei fiir analoge Prozesse in modemen Varietäten des Englischen als mögliche Erklärung ihres Auftretens.


Author(s):  
Cenay Babaoglu ◽  
Elvettin Akman

By improving ICT within the scope of administration, new terms like e-government, m-government, e-governance, e-participation appeared in the field of public administration. The concept of e-government affects municipalities—closest service units to the citizens—and with this effect developed the term e-municipality. Municipalities in Turkey began to use the new technologies for the delivery of services, and terms like e-participation and e-governance are widening rapidly. This chapter investigates whether Facebook pages are an effective tool for local participation. The social media-citizen relationship that is claimed to be more effective, especially at the local level, has been evaluated through the Facebook pages of the municipalities. This chapter focuses on the role of social media in participatory administration.


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