The effect of ablation of the olfactory pits on the development of the habenular nuclei in Rana pipiens

Development ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-667
Author(s):  
Byron K. Norris ◽  
Victor B. Eichler
Keyword(s):  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Medial Nucleus ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Early Embryonic Stage ◽  
Single Nucleus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lateral Nucleus

The habenular nuclei in the diencephalon of the frog, Rana pipiens, are asymmetrical structures: two discrete cell groups develop on the left side (as medial and lateral nuclei), while a single nucleus is formed on the right side. Experimental animals were subjected to bilateral removal of the olfactory pits at an early embryonic stage, and were maintained with normal control animals until metamorphosis was complete. The length, relative volume and cell number for each of the three nuclei were determined in the control and experimental animals at regular intervals during larval development. In the control animals, the left medial nucleus developed similarly to the right nucleus spatially and temporally; however, the left lateral nucleus was significantly different in its development in the three parameters measured. In the experimental animals the left medial and the right habenular nuclei were alone affected by the removal of the olfactory pits. The results provide experimental evidence that the right and left medial, but not the left lateral, habenular nuclei are centers receiving afferent olfactory fibers.

scholarly journals Progressive lacunar stroke presenting as cheiro-oral syndrome, dysarthria and hemiataxia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caio Disserol ◽  
João Henrique Fregadolli Ferreira ◽  
Carolina Magalhães Britto ◽  
Maria Clara Spesotto ◽  
Carla Guariglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Recognition ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Secondary Prophylaxis ◽  
Lacunar Stroke ◽  
Medial Nucleus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Posterior Medial Nucleus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lateral Nucleus

Context: Lacunar infarcts are small infarcts caused by occlusion of a single penetrating vessel, affecting mostly the basal ganglia, subcortical white matter and pons1. Around 20-30% of patients may progress symptoms over hours to days, and this presentation is associated with disability and poor prognosis2. Case report: A 70-year-old man with history of smoking, hypertension and a previous right occipital stroke reported right upper lip paresthesias since awakening. In 2-hours the right perioral region and his right hand were affected. After 3-hours he noted slurred speech. After 4-hours, imbalance was added to the previous symptoms. On admission, NIHSS was 4, mostly by previous left hemianopia, new right arm ataxia and cerebellar dysarthria. There were no weakness or sensory déficits. Brain MRI showed a subacute lacunar stroke in the left thalamus. Discussion: Thalamic lacunar strokes can present in a wide range of symptoms depending on the affected nuclei. The ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPLn) and the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPMn) carries sensory input from the contralateral body and face, respectively3. Cheiro-oral syndrome (COS) is considered a pure sensory thalamic lacunar syndrome with symptoms that affect the face, hand and/or foot, but may be accompanied by ipsilateral ataxia if the ventral lateral nucleus is also affected4 . Although classically associated with thalamic ischemic lesions, there are descriptions of hemorrhagic strokes5 and multiple different affected regions presenting as COS, including brainstem5 , internal capsule6 , operculum7 , cortex8 , corona radiata9 and thalamus10. Early recognition and diagnosis is essencial to institute adequate early treatment and secondary prophylaxis.

scholarly journals Improved healing of critical-size femoral defect in osteoporosis rat models using 3D elastin/polycaprolactone/nHA scaffold in combination with mesenchymal stem cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Hejazi ◽  
Vahid Ebrahimi ◽  
Mehrdad Asgary ◽  
Abbas Piryaei ◽  
Mohammad Javad Fridoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Healing ◽  
Critical Size ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Osteotomy Site ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
The Right

AbstractOsteoporosis is a common bone disease that results in elevated risk of fracture, and delayed bone healing and impaired bone regeneration are implicated by this disease. In this study, Elastin/Polycaprolactone/nHA nanofibrous scaffold in combination with mesenchymal stem cells were used to regenerate bone defects. Cytotoxicity, cytocompatibility and cellular morphology were evaluated in vitro and observations revealed that an appropriate environment for cellular attachment, growth, migration, and proliferation is provided by this scaffold. At 3 months following ovariectomy (OVX), the rats were used as animal models with an induced critical size defect in the femur to evaluate the therapeutic potential of osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) seeded on 3 dimension (3D) scaffolds. In this experimental study, 24 female Wistar rats were equally divided into three groups: Control, scaffold (non-seeded BM-MSC), and scaffold + cell (seeded BM-MSC) groups. 30 days after surgery, the right femur was removed, and underwent a stereological analysis and RNA extraction in order to examine the expression of Bmp-2 and Vegf genes. The results showed a significant increase in stereological parameters and expression of Bmp-2 and Vegf in scaffold and scaffold + cell groups compared to the control rats. The present study suggests that the use of the 3D Elastin/Polycaprolactone (PCL)/Nano hydroxyapatite (nHA) scaffold in combination with MSCs may improve the fracture regeneration and accelerates bone healing at the osteotomy site in rats.

scholarly journals Adventitial Alterations Are the Main Features in Pulmonary Artery Remodeling due to Long-Term Chronic Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia in Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Brito ◽  
Patricia Siques ◽  
Silvia M. Arribas ◽  
Angel L. López de Pablo ◽  
M. Carmen González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Right Ventricle ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Artery Remodeling ◽  
Medial Hypertrophy ◽  
The Right ◽  
Pulmonary Artery Remodeling

Long-term chronic intermittent exposure to altitude hypoxia is a labor phenomenon requiring further research. Using a rat model, we examined whether this type of exposure differed from chronic exposure in terms of pulmonary artery remodeling and other features. Rats were subjected to chronic hypoxia (CH,n=9) and long-term intermittent hypoxia (CIH2x2; 2 days of hypoxia/2 days of normoxia,n=10) in a chamber (428 Torr, 4,600 m of altitude) for 46 days and compared to rats under normoxia (NX,n=10). Body weight, hematocrit, and right ventricle ratio were measured. Pulmonary artery remodeling was assessed using confocal microscopy of tissues stained with a nuclear dye (DAPI) and CD11b antibody. Both hypoxic conditions exhibited increased hematocrit and hypertrophy of the right ventricle, tunica adventitia, and tunica media, with no changes in lumen size. The medial hypertrophy area (larger in CH) depicted a significant increase in smooth muscle cell number. Additionally, CIH2x2 increased the adventitial hypertrophy area, with an increased cellularity and a larger prevalence of clustered inflammatory cells. In conclusion, CIH2x2 elicits milder effects on pulmonary artery medial layer muscularization and subsequent right ventricular hypertrophy than CH. However, CIH2x2 induces greater and characteristic alterations of the adventitial layer.

scholarly journals Histological Effects of Intravitreal Injection of Antifungal Agents in New Zealand White Rabbits: An Electron Microscopic and Immunohistochemical Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Sofia Karachrysafi ◽  
Antonia Sioga ◽  
Anastasia Komnenou ◽  
Athanasios Karamitsos ◽  
Maria Xioteli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Intravitreal Injection ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Group V ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
The Right

Fungal endophthalmitis is a serious and vision-threatening infection which requires an immediate and effective treatment approach. Our research aims to elucidate the histological effects of the intravitreal injection of the maximum safe dosage of voriconazole and micafungin on retina. Six albino New Zealand White Rabbits were used. In experimental animals, a solution of voriconazole (Group V) or micafungin (Group M) was intravitreally injected in the right eye, while in control animals, balanced salt solution was intravitreally injected in the left eye (Group C). Euthanasia was performed ten days post injection and the retina was removed and prepared for histological examination with a light and electron microscope. Eosin-hematoxylin staining did not reveal any pathological changes in any of the samples examined. The immunohistochemical staining for Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-a) marker was detected as negative in all samples, while Interleukin 6 (IL-6) marker was detected as mild only in the group injected with voriconazole. Electron microscopy revealed several ultrastructural alterations in retinal layers in both groups of experimental animals. Histological retinal lesions, revealed with electron microscopy in the present investigation, raises the question of the safe usage of these antifungal agents in the treatment of fungal intraocular infections in the future.

scholarly journals Long-Term Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter on the Ocular Surface and the Incidence of Deleterious Changes in the Cornea, Conjunctiva and Retina in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4976
Author(s):  
Wan Seok Kang ◽  
Hakjoon Choi ◽  
Goeun Jang ◽  
Ki Hoon Lee ◽  
Eun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Corneal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Urban Particulate Matter ◽  
Epithelium Thickness ◽  
The Right

We investigated the time-dependent deleterious ocular changes induced by urban particulate matter (UPM) in vitro and in vivo. UPM treatment decreased human corneal epithelial cell migration and survival. Fluorescein scores were consistently increased by UPM application for 16 weeks. One week of rest at 2 or 4 weeks led to a recovery trend, whereas two weeks of rest at 8 weeks induced no change. UPM treatment decreased the tear film break-up time at 2 weeks, which was thereafter maintained until 16 weeks. No changes were found after periods of rest. UPM-treated eyes exhibited greater corneal epithelium thickness than normal eyes at 2 weeks, which recovered to normal at 4 and 8 weeks and was significantly decreased at 16 weeks. Apoptotic cell number in the epithelium was increased at 2 weeks, which remained constant except at 8 weeks. IL-6 expression in the cornea of the right eye continually increased for 16 weeks, and significant recovery was only observed at 8 weeks after 2 weeks of rest. Ocular pressure was significantly increased in the right eye at 12 and 16 weeks. Topical UPM application to the eye induced deleterious changes to various closely related parts of the eye.

Electrical Stimulation of a Denervated Muscle Promotes Selective Reinnervation by Native Over Foreign Motoneurons

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 2195-2199 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Zealear ◽  
Ricardo J. Rodriguez ◽  
Thomas Kenny ◽  
Mark J. Billante ◽  
Young Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Electrode Site ◽  
Nerve Section ◽  
Sensory Afferents ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Laryngeal Mucosa ◽  
Planar Array ◽  
Muscle Pair ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effect of electrical stimulation of the denervated posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle on its subsequent reinnervation was explored in the canine. Eight animals were implanted with a planar array of 36 electrodes for chronic stimulation and recording of spontaneous and evoked electromyographic (EMG) potentials across the entire fan-shaped surface of a muscle pair. Normative EMG data were recorded from each electrode site before unilateral nerve section, and from the innervated partner after nerve section. After randomizing the animals to experimental and control groups, the right recurrent laryngeal nerve innervating the PCA abductor muscle and its adductor antagonists was sectioned and reanastomosed. The PCA muscle in four experimental animals was continuously stimulated during the 11-mo experiment, using a 1-s, 30-pps, biphasic pulse train composed of 1-ms pulses 2–6 mA in amplitude and repeated every 10 s. The remaining four animals served as nonstimulated controls. Appropriate reinnervation by native inspiratory motoneurons was indexed behaviorally by the magnitude of vocal fold opening and electromyographically by the potential across all electrode sites. Inappropriate reinnervation by foreign adductor motoneurons was quantitated by recording EMG potentials evoked reflexly by stimulation of sensory afferents of the laryngeal mucosa. All four experimental animals showed a greater level of correct PCA muscle reinnervation ( P < 0.0064) and a lesser level of incorrect reinnervation ( P < 0.0084) than the controls. Direct muscle stimulation also appeared to enhance the overall magnitude of reinnervation, but the effect was not as strong ( P < 0.113). These findings are consistent with a previous report and suggest that stimulation of a mammalian muscle may profoundly affect its receptivity to reinnervation by a particular motoneuron type.

c-Fos expression in hypothalamic nuclei of food-entrained rats

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (1) ◽  
pp. R158-R165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Angeles-Castellanos ◽  
Raúl Aguilar-Roblero ◽  
Carolina Escobar
Keyword(s):  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Dorsomedial Nucleus ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Hypothalamic Nuclei ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fasting And Refeeding ◽  
Single Nucleus ◽  
Meal Time ◽  
Lateral Nucleus ◽  
Fasted Rats

The present study aimed to identify the hypothalamic nuclei involved with food entrainment by using c-Fos-like immunoreactivity (c-Fos-IR) as a marker of functional activation. We studied rats entrained 3 wk to restricted feeding schedules (RF), their ad libitum (AL) controls, and the persistence of c-Fos-IR temporal patterns in entrained-fasted rats. In addition, we included 22-h fasting and 22-h fasting-refeeding groups as controls of fasting and refeeding acute effects. Diurnal patterns of c-Fos-IR were observed in the tuberomammilar nucleus (TM) and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in AL rats. In all nuclei, except the SCN and ventromedial nucleus (VMH), restricted feeding schedules imposed a temporal pattern of increased c-Fos-IR around mealtime. An increase in c-Fos-IR before and after meal time was observed in dorsomedial nucleus (DMH), lateral nucleus (LH), perifornical area (PeF), and TM, and a marked increase was observed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) after feeding. Food-entrained c-Fos-IR patterns persisted after 3 days in fasting in DMH, LH, and PeF. Present data suggest that FEO might not rely on a single nucleus and rather may be a distributed system constituted of interacting nuclei in which the PVN is mainly involved with the response to signals elicited by food ingestion and, therefore, with the entraining pathway. We can suggest that the PeF and TM may be involved with the arousal state during food anticipation and the DMH and LH with the time-keeping mechanism of FEO or its output.

scholarly journals Patterns of Cell Activity in the Subthalamic Region Associated with the Neuroprotective Action of Near-Infrared Light Treatment in MPTP-Treated Mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria E. Shaw ◽  
Cassandra Peoples ◽  
Sharon Spana ◽  
Keyoumars Ashkan ◽  
Alim-Louis Benabid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Zona Incerta ◽  
Survival Period ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Near Infrared Light ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Treatment Changes

We have shown previously that near-infrared light (NIr) treatment or photobiomodulation neuroprotects dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) from degeneration induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in mice. The present study explores whether NIr treatment changes the patterns of Fos expression in the subthalamic region, namely, the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and zona incerta (ZI); both cell groups have abnormally overactive cells in parkinsonian cases. BALB/c mice were treated with MPTP (100–250 mg/kg) or saline either over 30 hours followed by either a two-hour or six-day survival period (acute model) or over five weeks followed by a three-week survival period (chronic model). NIr and MPTP were applied simultaneously. Brains were processed for Fos immunochemistry, and cell number was estimated using stereology. Our major finding was that NIr treatment reduced (30–45%) the increase in Fos+cell number evident in the STN and ZI after MPTP insult. This reduction was concurrent with the neuroprotection of dopaminergic SNc cells shown previously and was evident in both MPTP models (except for the 2 hours survival period which showed no changes in cell number). In summary, our results indicated that NIr had long lasting effects on the activity of cells located deep in the brain and had repaired partially the abnormal activity generated by the parkinsonian toxin.

Effects of Habitat and Social Complexity on Brain Size, Brain Asymmetry and Dentate Gyrus Morphology in Two Octodontid Rodents

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Sobrero ◽  
Pedro Fernández-Aburto ◽  
Álvaro Ly-Prieto ◽  
Scarlett E. Delgado ◽  
Jorge Mpodozis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Spatial Behavior ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Right

Navigational and social challenges due to habitat conditions and sociality are known to influence dentate gyrus (DG) morphology, yet the relative importance of these factors remains unclear. Thus, we studied three natural populations of O. lunatus (Los Molles) and Octodon degus (El Salitre and Rinconada), two caviomorph species that differ in the extent of sociality and with contrasting vegetation cover of habitat used. The brains and DG of male and female breeding degus with simultaneous information on their physical and social environments were examined. The extent of sociality was quantified from total group size and range area overlap. O. degus at El Salitre was more social than at Rinconada and than O. lunatus from Los Molles. The use of transects to quantify cover of vegetation (and other physical objects in the habitat) and measures of the spatial behavior of animals indicated animal navigation based on unique cues or global landmarks is more cognitively challenging to O. lunatus. During lactation, female O. lunatus had larger brains than males. Relative DG volume was similar across sexes and populations. The right hemisphere of male and female O. lunatus had more cells than the left hemisphere, with DG directional asymmetry not found in O. degus. Degu population differences in brain size and DG cell number seemed more responsive to differences in habitat than to differences in sociality. Yet, large-sized O. degus (but not O. lunatus) that ranged over larger areas and were members of larger social groups had more DG cells per hemisphere. Thus, within-population variation in DG cell number by hemisphere was consistent with a joint influence of habitat and sociality in O. degus at El Salitre.

scholarly journals OPERATION STRESS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE SYSTEM CHANGES IN CASE OF ABDOMINAL COMBINED TRAUMA (EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH)

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
V. O. Krylyuk ◽  
V. K. Hrodetsʹkyy ◽  
S. O. Sokolʹnyk ◽  
O. V. Fedosyeyeva ◽  
H. Yu. Tsymbalyuk
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Systemic Response ◽  
Antioxidant Protection ◽  
Operational Stress ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Ischemic Reperfusion ◽  
The Right

The aim of the study was to study the possibility of using a hemostatic biological haemostatic to stop bleeding from the parenchymal organs of the abdominal cavity using the surgical method of Damage control. The experiment was performed on laboratory rats that were divided into three groups: a control group, a group where, after injury, the liver wound was sutured with standard sutures and a group where the wound was plastered with a biological hemostatic agent. In order to determine the operational stress, we studied the enzymatic link of antioxidant protection - the level of catalase and superoxide dismutase. To study the indices in all experimental animals, the following tissues were taken: the lower lobe of the right lung, the proportion of the liver where the wounds were applied, the gastrocnemius muscle below the harness and the right kidney. The control points of the study were 1, 3 and 7 days after injury. During working with experimental animals, they adhered to all ethical norms established by international rules. The effect of operational stress on the enzymatic component of antioxidant protection in the tissues of the kidneys, liver, lungs and muscles was studied in the study of the combined trauma of the abdominal cavity complicated by massive bleeding and ischemic-reperfusion syndrome of the extremity. The changes in the indices of superoxide dismutase and catalase were studied. The following result was obtained: tamponing the liver wound with chitosan was a quick and effective means of temporary bleeding stop. At the same time, the duration of the operation was reduced from 19.8 to 12.5 minutes (by 36.8%) (p <0.05). Also, the level of catalase and superoxide dismutase was significantly lower in the group where the chitosan of the liver injury was used in comparison with the study group where standard stitches were applied. The deviations, which are determined in lung, liver, kidney and muscle tissues in RG-1 are evidence of the depth of their lesion and dysfunction, is a favorable factor for the further development of the triggering mechanisms of the systemic response of the body to inflammation and multiple organ failure. In contrast to the RG-2 rapid development of the systemic response was avoided. We can assume that ischemic-reperfusion syndrome is a stimulating factor in the development of systemic changes, although this statement requires further proof. It is also important to further prospective study of this topic in terms of the following questions: what effect has chitosan on liver tissue with prolonged exposure (more than 2 days) and what effect does additional injection of infusion solutions have as an agent for the treatment of hypovolemic shock.

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