Memoirs: The Autonomic (Enteric) Nervous System of Amphioxus Lanceolatus

1935 ◽  
Vol s2-77 (308) ◽  
pp. 623-658
Author(s):  
J. BOEKE
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Stellate Ganglion ◽  
Trapezius Muscle ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Enteric Plexus ◽  
The Central Nervous System

In this, paper is described a nervous plexus on the wall of the liver and the adjoining parts of the intestine of Amphioxus lanceolatus with numerous stellate ganglion cells, which may be compared with the plexus of Auerbach of the higher vertebrates. A layer of smooth muscle-cells is present, with which the processes of the ganglion cells and the nerve-fibres of the plexus are in synaptic connexion. Covering this layer of smooth muscle-cells a thin layer of connective tissue is present, in which is found a more delicate nervous plexus, connected with the first plexus, analogous to the plexus of Meissner. The nature of the synaptic connexions of the ganglion cells with the pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic nerve-fibres of the plexus is discussed. The ganglion cells may be compared with the interstitial elements of the sympathetic plexus of the higher vertebrates. The cross-striated trapezius muscle (Legros) is innervated by the same plexus as the muscular coat of the intestine and not by the somatic nerves. The enteric plexus is connected by means of the visceral nerves and dorsal roots with the central nervous system.

The cephalic neural crest provides pericytes and smooth muscle cells to all blood vessels of the face and forebrain

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (7) ◽  
pp. 1059-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.C. Etchevers ◽  
C. Vincent ◽  
N.M. Le Douarin ◽  
G.F. Couly
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Embryonic Cell ◽  
Avian Embryo ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
The Face ◽  
Mesodermal Origin ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Most connective tissues in the head develop from neural crest cells (NCCs), an embryonic cell population present only in vertebrates. We show that NCC-derived pericytes and smooth muscle cells are distributed in a sharply circumscribed sector of the vasculature of the avian embryo. As NCCs detach from the neural folds that correspond to the future posterior diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon, they migrate between the ectoderm and the neuroepithelium into the anterior/ventral head, encountering mesoderm-derived endothelial precursors. Together, these two cell populations build a vascular tree rooted at the departure of the aorta from the heart and ramified into the capillary plexi that irrigate the forebrain meninges, retinal choroids and all facial structures, before returning to the heart. NCCs ensheath each aortic arch-derived vessel, providing every component except the endothelial cells. Within the meninges, capillaries with pericytes of diencephalic and mesencephalic neural fold origin supply the forebrain, while capillaries with pericytes of mesodermal origin supply the rest of the central nervous system, in a mutually exclusive manner. The two types of head vasculature contact at a few defined points, including the anastomotic vessels of the circle of Willis, immediately ventral to the forebrain/midbrain boundary. Over the course of evolution, the vertebrate subphylum may have exploited the exceptionally broad range of developmental potentialities and the plasticity of NCCs in head remodelling that resulted in the growth of the forebrain.

The role of globins in cardiovascular physiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Steven Keller ◽  
Christophe Lechauve ◽  
Alexander S Keller ◽  
Steven Brooks ◽  
Mitchell J Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Vascular Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
In Cells

Globin proteins exist in every cell type of the vasculature, from erythrocytes to endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and peripheral nerve cells. Many globin subtypes are also expressed in muscle tissues (including cardiac and skeletal muscle), in other organ-specific cell types, and in cells of the central nervous system. The ability of each of these globins to interact with molecular oxygen (O2) and nitric oxide (NO) is preserved across these contexts. Endothelial α-globin is an example of extra-erythrocytic globin expression. Other globins, including myoglobin, cytoglobin, and neuroglobin are observed in other vascular tissues. Myoglobin is observed primarily in skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells surrounding the aorta or other large arteries. Cytoglobin is found in vascular smooth muscle but can also be expressed in non-vascular cell types, especially in oxidative stress conditions after ischemic insult. Neuroglobin was first observed in neuronal cells, and its expression appears to be restricted mainly to the central and peripheral nervous systems. Brain and central nervous system neurons expressing neuroglobin are positioned close to many arteries within the brain parenchyma and can control smooth muscle contraction and, thus, tissue perfusion and vascular reactivity. Overall, reactions between NO and globin heme-iron contribute to vascular homeostasis by regulating vasodilatory NO signals and scaveging reactive species in cells of the mammalian vascular system. Here, we discuss how globin proteins affect vascular physiology with a focus on NO biology, and offer perspectives for future study of these functions.

scholarly journals Dedifferentiation, redifferentiation and bundle formation of smooth muscle cells in tissue culture: the influence of cell number and nerve fibres

Development ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-323
Author(s):  
Julie H. Chamley ◽  
Gordon R. Campbell ◽  
Geoffrey Burnstock
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Isolated Cells

Smooth muscle from newborn guinea-pig vas deferens was enzymically dispersed into single cells or small clumps and grown in culture in the presence or absence of sympathetic ganglion explants. Most single smooth muscle cells gradually lost their typical ultrastructural features and contractile properties during the first few days in culture. At 7 days of culture these dedifferentiated smooth muscle cells underwent extensive proliferation. If sufficient cells were present in the culture inoculate, a continuous monolayer formed at about 9 days of culture and redifferentiation of smooth muscle began. At 11–12 days of culture the cells reaggregated into clumps, began to contract spontaneously, and formed into well-organized muscle bundles in two layers at right angles, resembling the muscle layer organization of the in vivo vas deferens. In cultures where a continuous monolayer was not formed at 9 days, isolated cells did not redifferentiate. The process of dedifferentiation and proliferation was delayed in those smooth muscle cells which had sympathetic nerve fibres in close association. Clumps of vas deferens tissue which were not fully dispersed by the enzyme treatment did not dedifferentiate with time in culture but muscle bundles were disrupted and asynchronous contractions resulted. After 8–12 days of culture the muscle bundles reformed and foci of synchronous contractions developed. Nerve fibres appeared to accelerate bundle and nexus formation in this situation, with synchronous contractions resuming at 3–5 days. The relation of these findings to the process of wound healing in smooth muscle tissues in vivo is discussed.

scholarly journals Bioengineered intestinal muscularis complexes with long-term spontaneous and periodic contractions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianqian Wang ◽  
Ke Wang ◽  
R. Sergio Solorzano-Vargas ◽  
Po-Yu Lin ◽  
Christopher M. Walthers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Interstitial Cells Of Cajal ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Gut Motility ◽  
Spontaneous Contractions ◽  
Cells Of Cajal

AbstractAlthough critical for studies of gut motility and intestinal regeneration, the in vitro culture of intestinal muscularis with peristaltic function remains a significant challenge. Periodic contractions of intestinal muscularis result from the coordinated activity of smooth muscle cells (SMC), the enteric nervous system (ENS), and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Reproducing this activity requires the preservation of all these cells in one system. Here we report the first serum-free culture methodology that consistently maintains spontaneous and periodic contractions of murine and human intestinal muscularis cells for months. In this system, SMC expressed the mature marker myosin heavy chain, and multipolar/dipolar ICC, uniaxonal/multipolar neurons and glial cells were present. Furthermore, drugs affecting ENS, ICC or SMC altered the contractions. Combining this method with scaffolds, contracting cell sheets were formed with organized architecture. With the addition of intestinal epithelial cells, this platform enabled at least 9 types of cells from mucosa and muscularis to coexist and function. The method constitutes a powerful tool for mechanistic studies of gut motility disorders and the regeneration of full-thickness engineered intestine.In the small intestine, the mucosa processes partially digested food and absorbs nutrients while the muscularis actuates the peristaltic flow to transport luminal content aborally. Gut motility is central to its digestive and absorptive function. The intestinal muscularis contains various types of cells: of these, smooth muscle cells, the enteric nervous system (ENS)1,2, and the pacemaker interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC)3 are three important players involved in the development of gut motility. Recent studies on intestinal tissue engineering have highlighted the importance of regenerating the functional intestinal muscularis4–9. A variety of systems derived from different cell sources, including pluripotent stem cells (PSC)4–6, embryonic stem cells (ESC)7 and primary tissue8,9, have been established to accomplish this goal and different contractile activities were developed in these systems. Notably, spontaneous contractions have been generated in culture systems that contained both ICC and smooth muscle cells4,6,10–13. In addition, electrical-induced neurogenic contractions were also successfully produced4,5,8 when ENS was introduced into culture. In one of the most recent studies, both spontaneous contractions and electrical-induced neurogenic contractions were developed in a PSC-based culture system4.

Role of the enteric nervous system in the control of migrating spike complexes in the feline small intestine

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (4) ◽  
pp. G628-G637
Author(s):  
W. C. De Vos
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Muscarinic Receptors ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Adrenoceptor Antagonist ◽  
Adrenoceptor Agonist

The effects of agonists and antagonists of nicotinic, muscarinic (M1 and M2), and adrenergic receptors on migrating spike complexes (MSC) in ileum of fasting cats are reported. Hexamethonium decreased MSC frequency and blocked propagation. Atropine at low concentrations increased MSC frequency and increased velocity of propagation; atropine at high concentration blocked propagation. Pirenzepine (Pz; M1 antagonist) increased MSC frequency and propagation velocity. McNeil A-343 (M1 agonist), by a Pz-sensitive phentolamine-insensitive mechanism, and 4-diethylamine-methylpiperidine (4-DAMP; M2 antagonist) blocked propagation of an ongoing MSC but had no significant effect on frequency or velocity. Bethanechol (M2-receptor agonist) increased phasic spiking by a 4-DAMP-sensitive mechanism and blocked MSC propagation by a Pz-sensitive mechanism. Phenylephrine (alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist) or oxymetazoline (alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist) blocked MSC propagation but had no effect on MSC frequency or velocity. Phentolamine (nonselective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist), prazosin (alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist), or yohimbine (alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist) alone had no effect on MSC activity. The conclusion is that the enteric nervous system controls and regulates the MSC by the following proposed mechanisms. 1) M1-muscarinic receptors, located either on postganglionic inhibitory neurons or presynaptically at a nicotinic synapse and/or neuromuscular junction, are involved in the tonic inhibitory control of MSC initiation and propagation. 2) Nicotinic and M2 muscarinic receptors, located on excitatory postganglionic motoneurons and smooth muscle cells, respectively, are important in the initiation and/or propagation of MSC. 3) alpha 1-Adrenoceptors on the smooth muscle cells and alpha 2-adrenoceptors located presynaptically at the nicotinic ganglionic synapses are not tonically active but inhibit MSC activity (4). Smooth muscle beta-adrenoceptors do not play a significant role in neural control of MSC activity.

scholarly journals THE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND DISPOSITION OF VESICULATED NERVE PROCESSES IN SMOOTH MUSCLE

1963 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Thaemert
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Smooth Muscle Tissue ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The walls of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder of rats were fixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in methacrylate, and sectioned for electron microscopy. The examination of sections of smooth muscle tissue with the electron microscope reveals the presence of bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibers within the intercellular spaces. In addition, vesiculated nerve processes, bounded on their outer surfaces by delicate plasma membranes and typically containing varying quantities of synaptic vesicles and mitochondria, make intimate contact with the surface of smooth muscle cells. These nerve processes are similar in structure and disposition to nerve endings previously described in skeletal muscle, in the central nervous system, in peripheral ganglia, in receptors, and in glands. It is concluded that the relationships existing between vesiculated nerve processes and the surface of smooth muscle cells constitute neuromuscular junctions. Profiles of protrusions of smooth muscle cells are often seen protruding into the intercellular spaces. Here they occur singly or in groups, originating from one or more cells. Because of the plane of section the protrusions may sometimes appear as individual entities between the muscle cells. In such cases care must be exercised in their identification because they have characteristics similar to sectioned nerve processes which also occur in the intercellular spaces.

C-type natriuretic peptide inhibits growth factor-dependent DNA synthesis in smooth muscle cells

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (5) ◽  
pp. C1001-C1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Porter ◽  
R. Catalano ◽  
G. McEnroe ◽  
J. A. Lewicki ◽  
A. A. Protter
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Central Nervous System

We have examined the ability of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) to interact with guanylate cyclase-coupled natriuretic peptide receptors by measuring its ability to stimulate intracellular guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) accumulation in cultured bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) and bovine aortic smooth muscle (BASM) cells. Our experiments indicate that CNP is unable to stimulate the production of cGMP in BAE cells, whereas both atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) markedly elevate cGMP levels in these cells (ANP = BNP >> CNP). In contrast, CNP is the most effective of the three peptides with respect to the stimulation of cGMP levels in BASM cells, fetal human vascular smooth muscle cells, and rat A10 cells (CNP >> ANP > BNP), with the maximal level of stimulation being approximately 5- to 10-fold over that observed for ANP. We have also shown that CNP is able to inhibit serum- and growth factor-induced DNA synthesis in BASM cells. Low concentrations of CNP (20 x 10(-9) M) inhibit up to 80% of the [3H]-thymidine incorporation induced by basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and heparin binding EGF-like growth factor. These data indicate that, although CNP has been detected only in the central nervous system and not in the circulation, it may possess multiple effects on vascular tissue.

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