scholarly journals The Identification of Motor Neurones Innervating an Abdominal Ventilatory Muscle in the Locust

1983 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
QIN-ZHAO YANG
Keyword(s):  
Cell Body ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dorsal Muscle ◽  
The Third ◽  
Metathoracic Ganglion ◽  
Motor Neurones ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Ventral Muscle ◽  
Ventilatory Muscles

Motor neurones to abdominal ventilatory muscles, with their axons innerve 6 of the metathoracic ganglion of the locust, have been identified by intracellular recording and staining. Three muscles are innervated by the larger branches of this nerve: nerve 6a contains six motor neurones innervating the ventral diaphragm; nerve 6b contains four motor neurones innervating the median internal ventral muscle, and nerve 6d contains five motorneurones innervating the longitudinal dorsal muscle. All motor neuronesinnervate muscles on one side of the body only. Both the median internalventral and the longitudinal dorsal muscles contract during the expiratoryphase of ventilation. Three excitatory motor neurones to the median internalventral muscles spike during expiration whilst the fourth, an inhibitorymotor neurone, is active during both expiration and inspiration. Two of theexcitatory motor neurones have cell bodies in the half of the ganglion ipsilateralto the muscle they innervate. Their neuropilar branches, however, are in both left and right halves of the ganglion. The third excitatory motorneurone has its cell body close to the midline and has most of its neuropilarbranches in the half of the ganglion ipsilateral to its axon. The inhibitorymotor neurone has its cell body just to the contralateral side of the midline, and three distinct areas of neuropilar branches, two contralateral and oneipsilateral to its axon.

An atlas of the thoracic ganglia in the stick insect, Carausius morosus

1991 ◽  
Vol 331 (1260) ◽  
pp. 101-121 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
The Third ◽  
Metathoracic Ganglion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Left And Right

The present report describes the neuroanatomy of the three thoracic ganglia in the stick insect, Carausius morosus , the subject of numerous behavioural and neurobiological studies. The structure of the ganglia is summarized in an atlas of the major features. The results are compared with published descriptions of other insects and arthropods. Numerous similarities with locusts encourage the use of a common nomenclature even where minor differences make homology uncertain pending detailed investigation. Five out of the nine longitudinal tracts described in locusts can be readily identified in the stick insect. Three major tracts (LDT, DIT, VIT) and two smaller tracts (MDT, DMT) are compact and well defined. The VMT and MVT are also prominent but these two tracts are not clearly separated except near the rostral margin of the neuropile. An eighth tract, the VLT, is much less distinct: it is represented by scattered fibres in neuropile lateral to the DIT. The iLVT apd oLVT, the two parts of the ninth tract, are quite inconspicuous: in some, but not all, preparations they can be identified as two thin bands running along the ventral and ventrolateral margins of the ganglion. As in locusts, six dorsal commissures (DCI-DCVI) and five ventral commissures (VCI, vVCII, dVCII, SMC, PVC) connecting the left and right hemiganglia have been named although the two most dorsal commissures, DCII and DCIV, are often subdivided. The VCII is retained as a single unit with dorsal and ventral parts. Of the dorsal-ventral tracts only the transverse tract (TT) and the circle tract (CT) are well-defined. Roots of lateral nerves are left unnamed pending more detailed study but several conspicuous branches are included in the drawings as guides to orientation in the lateral neuropile. The ventral association centre (VAC) and several other neuropile divisions are described. Pro- and mesothoracic ganglia derive from single neuromeres. The metathoracic ganglion results from the fusion of the third thoracic and the first abdominal neuromeres: each part contains its own set of commissures and dorsoventral tracts. The results underline the qualitative similarities of the thoracic ganglia in insects; they provide a basis for more precise descriptions of identified neurons and functional specialization within the ganglia of the stick insect.

scholarly journals The Central Nervous Organization of the Motor Neurones to a Steering Muscle in Locusts

1986 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 403-420
Author(s):  
HANS-JOACHIM PFLÜGER ◽  
ROBERT ELSON ◽  
ULRIKE BINKLE ◽  
HENNING SCHNEIDER
Keyword(s):  
Cell Body ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Dorsal Region ◽  
The Third ◽  
Motor Neurones ◽  
Flight Motor ◽  
Large Muscle ◽  
Muscle Potential

1. The pleuroaxillary or pleuroalar muscles of the locust (M85, Ml 14) are located in the meso- and metathoracic segments only. Each extends from the posterior face of the pleural ridge and runs dorsally and obliquely, inserting on the third axillary sclerite of the wing hinge. Each muscle consists of two distinct parts, a and b (Fig. 1). 2. Each pleuroaxillary muscle is innervated by two motor neurones which give rise to a small and a large muscle potential in electromyogram recordings (Fig. 6E). The cell body of each neurone lies posteriorly in the ganglion and the axon runs out in nerve 4 (Figs 3–6). 3. The two motor neurones of a particular muscle share many common morphological features (Figs 3–6). There is also clear segmental homology between the motor neurones supplying the meso- and metathoracic muscles (Fig. 3). 4. Serial transverse sections of the motor neurones show that their arborization is confined mainly to a dorsal region of the neuropile. Some of the collaterals encompass, and terminate in, dorsal longitudinal tracts. Branching extends far anteriorly. Posteriorly, one secondary neurite runs ventrally (Figs 7, 8). A few secondary and tertiary neurites of the metathoracic pleuroaxillary motor neurones terminate within the neuropile of the first abdominal neuromere (Figs 6, 8). Additional features which distinguish these neurones from other flight motor neurones are discussed.

scholarly journals Unilateral Discomfort Increases the Use of Contralateral Side during Sit-to-Stand Transfer

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Simisola O. Oludare ◽  
Charlie C. Ma ◽  
Alexander S. Aruin
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Lower Limb Muscles ◽  
Sit To Stand ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Movement Asymmetry

Individuals with unilateral impairment perform symmetrical movements asymmetrically. Restoring symmetry of movements is an important goal of rehabilitation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of using discomfort-inducing devices on movement symmetry. Fifteen healthy individuals performed the sit-to-stand (STS) maneuver using devices inducing unilateral discomfort under the left sole and left thigh or right sole and right thigh and without them. 3D body kinematics, ground reaction forces, electrical activity of muscles, and the level of perceived discomfort were recorded. The center of mass (COM), center of pressure (COP), and trunk displacements as well as the magnitude and latency of muscle activity of lower limb muscles were calculated during STS and compared to quantify the movement asymmetry. Discomfort on the left and right side of the body (thigh and feet) induced statistically significant displacement of the trunk towards the opposite side. There was statistically significant asymmetry in the activity of the left and right Tibialis Anterior, Medial Gastrocnemius, and Biceps Femoris muscles when discomfort was induced underneath the left side of the body (thigh and feet). The technique was effective in causing asymmetry and promoted the use of the contralateral side. The outcome provides a foundation for future investigations of the role of discomfort-inducing devices in improving symmetry of the STS in individuals with unilateral impairment.

Spatial and Temporal Changes in the Coupling of Cockroach Spiracles to Ventilation

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Transitional Stage ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Similar Activity ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Changes ◽  
Motor Neurones ◽  
Inhibitory Coupling ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Glandular Structures ◽  
Pass Through

1. Spiracles 10 of Blaberus giganteus can be coupled with ventilation so as to open either with inspiration or with expiration. Similar activity in a mantid has been shown to produce either anteriorly or posteriorly directed ventilating airstreams in longitudinal tracheae. Switching between the two modes of coupling, which can be controlled experimentally, may pass through a maintained transitional stage when both forms occur. 2. Coupling with inspiration involves symmetrical activity in opener muscles of left and right spiracles. However, when coupled to expiration only one spiracle is active. The unilateral application of electrical or mechanical stimuli to various regions of the body causes the spiracle on that side to open with expiration. 3. Medially divided abdominal ganglia still joined to the CNS through the connectives are capable of both forms of coupling. It is suggested therefore that reciprocal inhibitory coupling between coordinating interneurones and not between motor neurones accounts for asymmetrical activity when the spiracles are coupled to expiration. 4. Spiracles 3, 6, 7 and 8 act in a similar way to spiracle 10 but have higher thresholds. Spiracles 4, 5 and 9 are associated with glandular structures and their activity is different. They may allow chemicals to be expelled through them when the insect is strongly stimulated. 5. A model is presented which accounts for some aspects of the activity of spiracles 10.

Interneurones Co-Ordinating the Ventilatory Movements of the Thoracic Spiracles in the Locust

1982 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 385-400
Author(s):  
MALCOLM BURROWS
Keyword(s):  
Cell Body ◽  
Synaptic Input ◽  
Intracellular Recording ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Initial Frequency ◽  
Inspiratory Phase ◽  
Metathoracic Ganglion ◽  
Motor Neurones ◽  
The Right

A pair of interneurones has been identified by intracellular recording and staining which co-ordinates the movements of the thoracic spiracles in the ventilatory rhythm. An interneurone has its cell body on the left or on the right side of the metathoracic ganglion and an axon which ascends to the other thoracic ganglia in the contralateral connective. Each interneurone produces bursts of spikes in time with the inspiratory phase of ventilation. These spikes evoke inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs) in thoracic spiracular closer motor neurones. Both interneurones synapse upon the closer motor neurones in each thoracic segment. These connexions, which may be direct, inhibit the spiking of the closer motor neurones during inspiration. The interneurones do not appear to have an innate rhythmicity but instead receive a periodic synaptic input which inhibits their spikes during expiration. The underlying cause of the spikes is less clear. Apart from brief periods at the start and end of a burst, the spikes occur at a constant frequency that is independent of the ventilatory rate. The pattern of the spiracular motor output could be altered by manipulating the frequency and number of spikes in an interneurone. When the frequency of spikes in the interneurone was raised, the motor bursts had a higher initial frequency and were of briefer duration; when the frequency was lowered, the motor bursts were of lower initial frequency and of longer overall duration. Altering the spikes in one interneurone, however, could not affect the frequency of the ventilatory rhythm, or reset the rhythm.

The Concept of treaty in Islamic Jurisprudence: A comparative view of the classical jurists

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Labeeb Bsoul
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Third ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Shed Light

This article aims to shed light on a particular area in the field of Islamic International law (siyar) treaty in Islamic jurisprudence. It addresses a comparative view of classical jurists of treaties both theoretically and historically and highlights their continued relevance to the contemporary world. Since the concept of treaty a lacuna in scholarship as well as the familiar of international legal theorists to study and integrate the Islamic treaty system into the body of modern international law in order to have a mutual understanding and respect and honor for treaties among nations. I would like to present a series of three parts the first one addresses the concept of treaty in Islamic jurisprudence the second addresses the process of drafting treaties and their conclusion and the third addresses selected treaties, including the treaty of H{udaybiya that took place between Muslims and non-Muslims..

Presentation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Redacción CEIICH
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
Feminist Theories ◽  
History Of

<p class="p1">The third number of <span class="s1"><strong>INTER</strong></span><span class="s2"><strong>disciplina </strong></span>underscores this generic reference of <em>Bodies </em>as an approach to a key issue in the understanding of social reality from a humanistic perspective, and to understand, from the social point of view, the contributions of the research in philosophy of the body, cultural history of the anatomy, as well as the approximations queer, feminist theories and the psychoanalytical, and literary studies.</p>

Anthropology and the Critique of Metaphysics in the Early Herder

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Heinz
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World

The chapter presents a synthetic account of the young Herder’s metaphysics and epistemology, based on several short pieces from the 1760s, with the intention of bringing into relief their strikingly systematic and coherent nature. The objective is to give the reader a greater sense of the philosophical depth of Herder’s anthropology. The first section examines God’s relationship to the world he creates. The second turns to the analogous relationship, based on interaction, between the soul and the body it builds for itself. And in the third, we bring this all together in order to understand how the embodied soul, through engagement with the world, obtains knowledge, and acquires its identity as a historical-cultural being.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Goldschmidt ◽  
Barbara Graziosi
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Site ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
The Third ◽  
Religious Significance ◽  
Classical Poetry ◽  
Life Of The Mind ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Made In

The Introduction sheds light on the reception of classical poetry by focusing on the materiality of the poets’ bodies and their tombs. It outlines four sets of issues, or commonplaces, that govern the organization of the entire volume. The first concerns the opposition between literature and material culture, the life of the mind vs the apprehensions of the body—which fails to acknowledge that poetry emerges from and is attended to by the mortal body. The second concerns the religious significance of the tomb and its location in a mythical landscape which is shaped, in part, by poetry. The third investigates the literary graveyard as a place where poets’ bodies and poetic corpora are collected. Finally, the alleged ‘tomb of Virgil’ provides a specific site where the major claims made in this volume can be most easily be tested.

GA: Armani’s Giorgio Armani

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Brooker ◽  
Margaret Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Shop ◽  
The Third ◽  
Haute Couture ◽  
Fashion Designer ◽  
The Body Shop ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Career Woman

The Armani high-fashion example illustrates the importance of adaptive rational methods in his founding and developing of an iconic high-fashion firm. Armani adapted stylistically to fashion’s new times in the 1970–80s by creating a new style catering for the career woman. His stylistic adaptation is compared with that of another famous Italian fashion designer, Versace, who instead modernized haute couture fashion and created a succession of glamourous styles. Both leaders exploited the same opportunity but in different ways. The third section compares these leaders’ legacies in the 1990s–2000s and assesses from a long-term perspective how capably they had used adaptive rational methods. The final section shifts the focus from fashion to the cosmetics industry and from Italy to the UK. Anita Roddick used adaptive rational methods to establish The Body Shop corporation in the 1970s–80s. However, she then abandoned rational methods with dire results for her corporation in the 1990s.

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