scholarly journals Analysis of Haemolymph and Muscle Acid-Base Status During Aerial Exposure in the Crayfish Austropotamobius Pallipes

1988 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 409-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. TYLER-JONES ◽  
E. W. TAYLOR
Keyword(s):  
Base Excess ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Internal Source ◽  
Intracellular Acidosis ◽  
Aerial Exposure ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Bicarbonate Buffer ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Austropotamobius Pallipes ◽  
Acid Base Status

Exposure of the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes to air resulted in an acidosis in the postbranchial haemolymph (pHa) and the abdominal muscle. The haemolymph acidosis was subsequently compensated and, after 24 h in air, pHa had returned to the settled, submerged value. The intracellular acidosis remained uncompensated throughout the period of aerial exposure. When crayfish were first removed into air, lactate concentrations in the haemolymph and abdominal muscle increased substantially. After 24 h in air lactate concentrations in both compartments had returned towards submerged levels. Possibilities for the fate of lactate are discussed. Re-analysis of haemolymph acid-base data for crayfish exposed to air (Taylor & Wheatly, 1981) revealed discrepancies between observed and expected base excess. Initially these may arise from exchanges of H+ or HCO3− with other compartments. During long-term air exposure, the removal of lactate from the haemolymph and an independent accumulation of base, probably from the mobilization of an internal source of bicarbonate buffer, result in the observed pH compensation. Determination of base excess for the changes in abdominal muscle acid-base status after 3 h of exposure to air corroborated the results of the haemolymph analysis, suggesting a retention of H+ despite the efflux of lactate.

The Effect of Long-Term Aerial Exposure on Heart Rate, Ventilation, Respiratory Gas Exchange and Acid-Base Status in the Crayfish Austropotamobius Pallipes

1981 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-124
Author(s):  
E. W. TAYLOR ◽  
MICHÈLE G. WHEATLY
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Aerial Exposure ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Bicarbonate Buffer ◽  
Content Difference ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Lactate Levels

1. When first removed into air, crayfish showed transient increases in heart rate (fH) and scaphognathite rate (fR) which rapidly recovered to submerged levels and were unchanged for 24 h. The rate of O2 consumption(Moo2) increased from an initially low level and was then maintained for 24 h in air at the same level as in settled submerged animals. 2. There was an initial acidosis in the haemolymph which was both respiratory and metabolic due to the accumulation of CO2 and lactate. Progressive compensation by elevation of the levels of bicarbonate buffer in the haemolymph and reduction of circulating lactate levels returned pH towards submerged levels after 24 h in air. 3. Exposure to air resulted in a marked internal hypoxia with haemolymph O2, tensions, both postbranchial Pa, oo2 and prebranchial Pv, oo2, remaining low throughout the period of exposure. The oxygen content or the haemolymph was initially reduced, with a - vOO2 content difference close to zero. Within 24 h both Ca, oo2 and Cv, OO2 had returned towards their levels in submerged animals. These changes are explained by the Bohr shift on the haemocyanin consequent upon the measured pH changes. 4. After 48 h in air, MO2 and fH were significantly reduced and ventilation became intermittent. There was a slight secondary acidosis, increase in lactic acid levels and reduction in a - vO2 content difference in the haemolymph. 5. When crayfish were returned to water after 24 h in air, MOO2, fHfR were initially elevated by disturbance and there was a period of hyperventilation. In the haemolymph there was an initial slight alkalosis, and an increase in Ca, OO2 lactic acid. All variables returned to their settled submerged levels within 8 h.

scholarly journals Hyperlactacemia in critically ill children: comparison of traditional and Fencl-Stewart methods

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Hari Kushartono ◽  
Antonius H. Pudjiadi ◽  
Susetyo Harry Purwanto ◽  
Imral Chair ◽  
Darlan Darwis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Base Excess ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Critically Ill Children ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Elevated Lactate

Background Base excess is a single variable used to quantifymetabolic component of acid base status. Several researches havecombined the traditional base excess method with the Stewartmethod for acid base physiology called as Fencl-Stewart method.Objective The purpose of the study was to compare two differentmethods in identifying hyperlactacemia in pediatric patients withcritical illness.Methods The study was performed on 43 patients admitted tothe pediatric intensive care unit of Cipto MangunkusumoHospital, Jakarta. Sodium, potassium, chloride, albumin, lactateand arterial blood gases were measured. All samples were takenfrom artery of all patients. Lactate level of >2 mEq/L was definedas abnormal. Standard base excess (SBE) was calculated fromthe standard bicarbonate derived from Henderson-Hasselbalchequation and reported on the blood gas analyzer. Base excessunmeasured anions (BE UA ) was calculated using the Fencl-Stewartmethod simplified by Story (2003). Correlation between lactatelevels in traditional and Fencl-Stewart methods were measuredby Pearson’s correlation coefficient .Results Elevated lactate levels were found in 24 (55.8%) patients.Lactate levels was more strongly correlated with BE UA (r = - 0.742,P<0.01) than with SBE (r = - 0.516, P<0.01).Conclusion Fencl-Stewart method is better than traditionalmethod in identifying patients with elevated lactate levels, so theFencl-Stewart method is suggested to use in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Base-excess chloride; the best approach to evaluate the effect of chloride on the acid-base status: A retrospective study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250274
Author(s):  
Bulent Gucyetmez ◽  
Filiz Tuzuner ◽  
Hakan Korkut Atalan ◽  
Uğur Sezerman ◽  
Kaan Gucyetmez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Linear Regression Model ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Strong Ion Difference ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Evaluation Approaches

To practically determine the effect of chloride (Cl) on the acid-base status, four approaches are currently used: accepted ranges of serum Cl values; Cl corrections; the serum Cl/Na ratio; and the serum Na-Cl difference. However, these approaches are governed by different concepts. Our aim is to investigate which approach to the evaluation of the effect of Cl is the best. In this retrospective cohort study, 2529 critically ill patients who were admitted to the tertiary care unit between 2011 and 2018 were retrospectively evaluated. The effects of Cl on the acid-base status according to each evaluative approach were validated by the standard base excess (SBE) and apparent strong ion difference (SIDa). To clearly demonstrate only the effects of Cl on the acid-base status, a subgroup that included patients with normal lactate, albumin and SIG values was created. To compare approaches, kappa and a linear regression model for all patients and Bland-Altman test for a subgroup were used. In both the entire cohort and the subgroup, correlations among BECl, SIDa and SBE were stronger than those for other approaches (r = 0.94 r = 0.98 and r = 0.96 respectively). Only BECl had acceptable limits of agreement with SBE in the subgroup (bias: 0.5 mmol L-1) In the linear regression model, only BECl in all the Cl evaluation approaches was significantly related to the SBE. For the evaluation of the effect of chloride on the acid-base status, BECl is a better approach than accepted ranges of serum Cl values, Cl corrections and the Cl/Na ratio.

scholarly journals Acid-Base and Ionic Regulation in the American Eel (Anguilla Rostrata) During and after Prolonged Aerial Exposure: Branchial and Renal Adjustments

1987 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 429-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. HYDE ◽  
S. F. PERRY
Keyword(s):  
Urine Flow ◽  
Anguilla Rostrata ◽  
Acid Excretion ◽  
Aerial Exposure ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
American Eel ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Extracellular Compartment ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Pronounced Reduction

To whom reprint request should be addressed. The involvement of the gill and kidney in acid-base regulation was examined in the American eel, Anguilla rostrata, during 36h of continuous air-exposure and subsequent return to water. While in air, eels developed a severe mixed respiratory/- metabolic acidosis. Renal acid excretion increased only slightly during the latter stages of air-exposure. A pronounced reduction in urine flow rate was important to minimize dehydration but essentially eliminated the kidney as a route for excess acid excretion. Upon return to the water, eels had accrued an extracellular metabolic acid load of 9.53 mmol 1−1. The metabolic acid was cleared from the extracellular compartment at an exceptionally low rate (approximately 70μmol kg−1 h−1) and about 50 % of the acid load remained after 18 h of recovery in water. The clearance of metabolic acid was accounted for by enhanced branchial acid excretion which was related primarily to adjustments of unidirectional Na+ fluxes. Unidirectional Cl− fluxes were undetectable using radiotracer methods. We speculate that the inefficiency of acid-base regulation in the eel compared to other teleosts is, in part, related to the absence of significant branchial C1−/HCO3− exchange.

Biological variation of blood acid-base status: consequences for analytical goal-setting and interpretation of results.

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1416-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Harding ◽  
C G Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Marked Variation ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Interpretation Of Results

Abstract Analytical, intra-individual, and interindividual components of variation have been determined for pH, pCO2, bicarbonate, base excess, and total CO2 in capillary specimens of whole blood from a cohort of 14 healthy subjects. Calculated analytical goals (SD) are pH less than or equal to 0.008, pCO2 less than or equal to 0.9 mmHg, bicarbonate less than or equal to 0.5 mmol/L, base excess less than or equal to 0.5 mmol/L, and total CO2 less than or equal to 0.5 mmol/L. Because pH and base excess vary little between individuals, population-based reference values for them will be of utility in interpretation of results; pCO2, bicarbonate, and total CO2 show more marked variation between individuals, and reference values for them will be of more limited use. The generally applicable differences required for two results to be significantly different (P less than or equal to 0.05) when goals are met--which is currently feasible--are pH: 0.04, pCO2: 0.745 kPa (5.6 mmHg), bicarbonate: 2.6 mmol/L, base excess: 2.2 mmol/L, and total CO2: 2.7 mmol/L.

The Acid-Base Status of the Blood of the Developing Chick Embryo

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
C. DAWES ◽  
K. SIMKISS
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
A Value ◽  
Acid Base Status

1. The pH, carbon dioxide tension, bicarbonate and base excess levels of chick embryos have been measured during the period of 11 days of incubation until the 2nd day post hatching. 2. The carbon dioxide tension rises continuously from a value of about 20 mm. Hg on day 11 to a maximum of almost 60 mm. Hg on day 19. 3. The bicarbonate content rises rapidly from the 12th day (16 m-equiv./l.) until the 16th day (33 m-equiv./l.). 4. The pH falls to minimum values on the 13-14th day and the 19th day. 5. These variations are discussed in relation to the physiology of the developing embryo and its acid-base metabolism.

scholarly journals Acid-base regulation in exercising squid (Illex illecebrosus, Loligo pealei)

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (1) ◽  
pp. R239-R246 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. O. Portner ◽  
D. M. Webber ◽  
R. G. Boutilier ◽  
R. K. O'Dor
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Oxygen Binding ◽  
Intracellular Acidosis ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Classical Function ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Loligo Pealei

Squid (Illex illecebrosus, Loligo pealei) were cannulated in the vena cava and swum in a Beamish-type respirometer. Gas tensions and acid-base variables as well as octopine levels were estimated in samples of the mantle and of venous blood collected from quiescent, exercised, and recovered animals. When exhausted, both species exhibited a decrease in vena cava oxygen tensions and a slight alkalosis. With high swimming speeds prior to exhaustion in Illex a slight acidosis developed in the blood, which was linked to a severe intracellular acidosis. Generally, the drop in intracellular pH was linearly correlated with octopine accumulation in this species. Metabolic proton (and end-product) release from the mantle, however, was minimal, thus protecting arterial oxygen binding. High PCO2 values in the mantle of both species lead to the conclusion that the vena cava values analyzed in this and all literature studies on unrestrained cephalopods may not reflect the scope of respiratory acid-base changes in venous blood. Although metabolic changes in blood acid-base status are negligible, the respiratory acidification of venous mantle blood may allow for a classical function of Bohr and Haldane effects in these animals.

EFFECT OF TIME OFF FEED ON BLOOD ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS IN PIGS DIFFERING IN THEIR REACTION TO HALOTHANE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. SCHAEFER ◽  
H. DOORNENBAL ◽  
A. K. W. TONG ◽  
A. C. MURRAY ◽  
A. P. SATHER
Keyword(s):  
Base Excess ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Muscle Rigidity ◽  
Halothane Anesthesia ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Base Stability ◽  
Breed Crosses

In an effort to elucidate physiological factors involved in the development of pale-soft-exudative pork, blood acid base status was assessed in swine from two genetic lines of pigs and their F1 cross. The lines consisted of: (1) pigs that reacted positively (skeletal muscle rigidity) to the respiratory administration of halothane (halothane positive (H+)) based on Pietrain × Lacombe breed crosses, (2) Purebred Lacombe pigs that did not react positively to halothane anesthesia (Lac) and (3) pigs which were the progeny of crossbreeding (C) between halothane positive and negative animals. In addition, time off feed prior to slaughter (0, 24 or 48 h) was imposed as a stressor in order to test response differences among the three lines. The venous blood PCO2, total CO2, bicarbonate ion levels, standard bicarbonate and base excess levels were found to be higher in the H + pigs compared to either Lac or C pigs. All pig lines displayed higher blood pH, total CO2, bicarbonate ion, standard bicarbonate and base excess yet lower PO2 at 24 h off feed compared to 0 h off feed. These data suggest that H+ pigs have a greater tendency toward hypercapnia and a blood base excess than either Lac or C pigs. In addition, the incidence of hypercapnia and blood base excess for H +, Lac and C pigs was greatest at 24 h off feed. Key words: Acid-base stability, pig genotypes, fasting

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