Climbing Performance of Harris' Hawks (Parabuteo Unicinctus) with Added Load: Implications for Muscle Mechanics and for Radiotracking

1989 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. PENNYCUICK ◽  
M. R. FULLER ◽  
LYNNE McALLISTER
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Muscle Mechanics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Power Product ◽  
Horizontal Flight ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Food Load ◽  
Parabuteo Unicinctus

Two Harris' hawks were trained to fly along horizontal and climbing flight paths, while carrying loads of various masses, to provide data for estimating available muscle power during short flights. The body mass of both hawks was about 920 g, and they were able to carry loads up to 630 g in horizontal flight. The rate of climb decreased with increasing all-up mass, as also did the climbing power (product of weight and rate of climb). Various assumptions about the aerodynamic power in low-speed climbs led to estimates of the maximum power output of the flight muscles ranging from 41 to 46 W. This, in turn, would imply a stress during shortening of around 210 kPa. The effects of a radio package on a bird that is raising young should be considered in relation to the food load that the forager can normally carry, rather than in relation to its body mass.

The mechanical power output of the flight muscles of blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis) during take-off

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (21) ◽  
pp. 3601-3619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham N. Askew ◽  
Richard L. Marsh ◽  
Charles P. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Power Output ◽  
High Speed ◽  
The Body ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Wingbeat Frequency ◽  
Mechanical Power Output ◽  
Flight Muscles

SUMMARYBlue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis) were filmed during take-off flights. By tracking the position of the centre of mass of the bird in three dimensions, we were able to calculate the power required to increase the potential and kinetic energy. In addition, high-speed video recordings of the position of the wings over the course of the wing stroke, and morphological measurements, allowed us to calculate the aerodynamic and inertial power requirements. The total power output required from the pectoralis muscle was, on average, 390 W kg–1, which was similar to the highest measurements made on bundles of muscle fibres in vitro (433 W kg–1), although for one individual a power output of 530 W kg–1 was calculated. The majority of the power was required to increase the potential energy of the body. The power output of these muscles is the highest yet found for any muscle in repetitive contractions.We also calculated the power requirements during take-off flights in four other species in the family Phasianidae. Power output was found to be independent of body mass in this family. However, the precise scaling of burst power output within this group must await a better assessment of whether similar levels of performance were measured across the group. We extended our analysis to one species of hawk, several species of hummingbird and two species of bee. Remarkably, we concluded that, over a broad range of body size (0.0002–5 kg) and contractile frequency (5–186 Hz), the myofibrillar power output of flight muscles during short maximal bursts is very high (360–460 W kg–1) and shows very little scaling with body mass. The approximate constancy of power output means that the work output varies inversely with wingbeat frequency and reaches values of approximately 30–60 J kg–1 in the largest species.

scholarly journals The effect of temperature and thermal acclimation on the sustainable performance of swimming scup

2007 ◽  
Vol 362 (1487) ◽  
pp. 1995-2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence C Rome
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Relaxation Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Thermal Acclimation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Duty Cycles ◽  
Red Muscle

There is a significant reduction in overall maximum power output of muscle at low temperatures due to reduced steady-state (i.e. maximum activation) power-generating capabilities of muscle. However, during cyclical locomotion, a further reduction in power is due to the interplay between non-steady-state contractile properties of muscle (i.e. rates of activation and relaxation) and the stimulation and the length-change pattern muscle undergoes in vivo . In particular, even though the relaxation rate of scup red muscle is slowed greatly at cold temperatures (10°C), warm-acclimated scup swim with the same stimulus duty cycles at cold as they do at warm temperature, not affording slow-relaxing muscle any additional time to relax. Hence, at 10°C, red muscle generates extremely low or negative work in most parts of the body, at all but the slowest swimming speeds. Do scup shorten their stimulation duration and increase muscle relaxation rate during cold acclimation? At 10°C, electromyography (EMG) duty cycles were 18% shorter in cold-acclimated scup than in warm-acclimated scup. But contrary to the expectations, the red muscle did not have a faster relaxation rate, rather, cold-acclimated muscle had an approximately 50% faster activation rate. By driving cold- and warm-acclimated muscle through cold- and warm-acclimated conditions, we found a very large increase in red muscle power during swimming at 10°C. As expected, reducing stimulation duration markedly increased power output. However, the increased rate of activation alone produced an even greater effect. Hence, to fully understand thermal acclimation, it is necessary to examine the whole system under realistic physiological conditions.

scholarly journals The Aerob and Anaerob Performance Beta-Alanine Supplement and Ergogenic Aid Using to the Power Output Variables in Cyclists: A Cohort Studies Random Model Effect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeliz Kahraman
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
P Value ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Beta Alanine

: Supplement the use of ergogenic aids in cyclist’s directly have been improved the body metabolism and hemodynamic factors that are micro supplement in chancing reactions on the body muscle mass and limb muscle. Mostly knowing that, muscle power development progressive fast glycolytic and short time oxidative systems reactions. Sport competition intervals, therefore, during periods has been used specific drinks supported to cyclists. But, be obtained during should be long race times. Athletes directly needed some drug and fluid intake to prevented from metabolic breakdown rapidly the dynamic physiologic performance factors. Beta-alanine supplementation can be direct muscle performance development affects the anaerobic metabolism and capacity. It should be de-termined how the cyclists will use the competitive and training period intervals can increase the cyclists specific sprint and endurance race performance. Science cyclist International Road doses will be created in which, intervals can random effectively the investigate. This study random a cohort studies is examined the effects of beta-alanine supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic power output in specific cyclists. Therefore, we have been databases PubMed, Scopus and Medline initial search 10 August 2020 were created prospective effect the quality of bias work concluded effect size (ES) 95% confidence interval (CI) were used in participant. Participations (N=66) have age range 25 to 38 of the using beta-alanine in training periods to endurance muscle performance, aerobic power, anaerobic power, and sprint time trials. As a result of beta-alanine improved an-aerobic and aerobic power output on 4-week time-dependent trial performance condition. Signifi-cant values are obtained level factor alpha <0.05 and p-value analysis pre-post interactive stand-ardization.

Maximum speed and mechanical power output in lizards.

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (16) ◽  
pp. 2189-2195 ◽  
Author(s):  
C T Farley
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Power ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Muscular System ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Mechanical Power Output

The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that maximum running speed is limited by how much mechanical power the muscular system can produce. To test this hypothesis, two species of lizards, Coleonyx variegatus and Eumeces skiltonianus, sprinted on hills of different slopes. According to the hypothesis, maximum speed should decrease on steeper uphill slopes but mechanical power output at maximum speed should be independent of slope. For level sprinting, the external mechanical power output was determined from force platform data. For uphill sprinting, the mechanical power output was approximated as the power required to lift the center of mass vertically. When the slope increased from level to 40 degrees uphill, maximum speed decreased by 28% in C. variegatus and by 16% in E. skiltonianus. At maximum speed on a 40 degrees uphill slope in both species, the mechanical power required to lift the body vertically was approximately 3.9 times greater than the external mechanical power output at maximum speed on the level. Because total limb mass is small in both species (6-16% of body mass) and stride frequency is similar at maximum speed on all slopes, the internal mechanical power output is likely to be small and similar in magnitude on all slopes. I conclude that the muscular system is capable of producing substantially more power during locomotion than it actually produces during level sprinting. Thus, the capacity of the muscular system to produce power does not limit maximum running speed.

MYOTOMAL MUSCLE FUNCTION AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN THE BODY OF A SWIMMING FISH

1993 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Altringham ◽  
C. S. Wardle ◽  
C. I. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Travelling Waves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Cycle Frequency ◽  
Lateral Muscle

We describe experiments on isolated, live muscle fibres which simulate their in vivo activity in a swimming saithe (Pollachius virens). Superficial fast muscle fibres isolated from points 0.35, 0.5 and 0.65 body lengths (BL) from the anterior tip had different contractile properties. Twitch contraction time increased from rostral to caudal myotomes and power output (measured by the work loop technique) decreased. Power versus cycle frequency curves of rostral fibres were shifted to higher frequencies relative to those of caudal fibres. In the fish, phase differences between caudally travelling waves of muscle activation and fish bending suggest a change in muscle function along the body. In vitro experiments indicate that in vivo superficial fast fibres of rostral myotomes are operating under conditions that yield maximum power output. Caudal myotomes are active as they are lengthened in vivo and initially operate under conditions which maximise their stiffness, before entering a positive power-generating phase. A description is presented for the generation of thrust at the tail blade by the superficial, fast, lateral muscle. Power generated rostrally is transmitted to the tail by stiffened muscle placed more caudally. A transition zone between power generation and stiffening travels caudally, and all but the most caudal myotomes generate power at some phase of the tailbeat. Rostral power output, caudal force, bending moment and force at the tail blade are all maximal at essentially the same moment in the tailbeat cycle, as the tail blade crosses the swimming track.

Slow muscle power output of yellow- and silver-phase European eels (Anguilla anguilla L.): changes in muscle performance prior to migration

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (7) ◽  
pp. 1369-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Ellerby ◽  
I.L. Spierts ◽  
J.D. Altringham
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Slow Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Power Outputs ◽  
Stimulus Offset ◽  
Muscle Power Output

Eels swim in the anguilliform mode in which the majority of the body axis undulates to generate thrust. For this reason, muscle function has been hypothesised to be relatively uniform along the body axis relative to some other teleosts in which the caudal fin is the main site of thrust production. The European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) has a complex life cycle involving a lengthy spawning migration. Prior to migration, there is a metamorphosis from a yellow (non-migratory) to a silver (migratory) life-history phase. The work loop technique was used to determine slow muscle power outputs in yellow- and silver-phase eels. Differences in muscle properties and power outputs were apparent between yellow- and silver-phase eels. The mass-specific power output of silver-phase slow muscle was greater than that of yellow-phase slow muscle. Maximum slow muscle power outputs under approximated in vivo conditions were 0.24 W kg(−)(1) in yellow-phase eel and 0.74 W kg(−)(1) in silver-phase eel. Power output peaked at cycle frequencies of 0.3-0.5 Hz in yellow-phase slow muscle and at 0.5-0.8 Hz in silver-phase slow muscle. The time from stimulus offset to 90 % relaxation was significantly greater in yellow- than in silver-phase eels. The time from stimulus onset to peak force was not significantly different between life-history stages or axial locations. Yellow-phase eels shifted to intermittent bursts of higher-frequency tailbeats at a lower swimming speed than silver-phase eels. This may indicate recruitment of fast muscle at low speeds in yellow-phase eels to compensate for a relatively lower slow muscle power output and operating frequency.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Upper Limitation of the Most Convenient Cadence Range in Cycling Using an Equivalent Moment Based Cost Function

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1947
Author(s):  
Giacomo Palmieri ◽  
Monica Tiboni ◽  
Giovanni Legnani
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Power Output ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cost Functions ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Pedalling Rate ◽  
Competitive Cyclists ◽  
The Cost

The article presents the study of the pedalling rates obtained by minimizing a cost function based on a kinetic approach and which can be estimated with more easily achievable experimental data as input than other cost functions. Simulations based on data available in the literature were used to compare the cadences obtained by minimizing well-known joint moment-based cost functions and the proposed cost function. The influence of the power output and of the body mass index on the pedalling rates that minimize the cost function was investigated. Experimental tests performed by four competitive cyclists in the field were used as comparison for the results based on simulations. From simulations emerged that results obtained with the cost function proposed in this work were similar to those based on the absolute average joint moments. We found that the upper limit of the more convenient pedalling rate range decreases linearly with the body mass index, while it increases non-linearly with power output. Furthermore, a polynomial regression of the correlation of the pedalling rate obtained through the method and body mass index and power was found. Experimental results confirmed that the proposed model, finding an approximation of the minimum of muscular effort (not including negative muscular work), is able to estimate the upper limit of an optimal range of cadence. All tested cyclists freely choose to pedal at a cadence under this limit.

Association between body mass index, body fat per cent and muscle power output in soccer players

Open Medicine ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 783-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantelis Nikolaidis
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
General Population ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Wingate Anaerobic Test

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to examine (a) the prevalence of overweight/obesity, (b) the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and body fat percent (BF), and (c) the association between BMI, BF and power output in adult male soccer players. Members of competitive soccer clubs (n=169, aged 22.7±4.2yr) were examined for anthropometric characteristics and body composition, and performed the physical working capacity in heart rate 170 min−1 test (PWC170), a force-velocity test (F-v) and the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). Based on international BMI cut-off points, 17.8% (n=30) of participants were classified as overweight. BMI was correlated with BF (r=0.67, p<0.001) and could be predicted based on the equation BF=1.193·BMI-12.24 (standard error of estimate 2.49). BMI and BF were in inverse relationship with mean power during WAnT (r=−0.30, p<0.001; r=−0.47, p<0.001, respectively). BF was also in inverse relationship with PWC170 (r=−0.26, p<0.001) and maximal power of the F-v test (r=−0.18, p=0.020).The prevalence of overweight among participants was lower than what is observed in general population. The findings confirmed previous observations on general population about the negative effect of overweight and fatness on selected parameters of physical fitness.

scholarly journals A Novel Power-Amplified Jumping Behavior in Larval Beetles (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Bertone ◽  
Joshua C. Gibson ◽  
Ainsley E. Seago ◽  
Takahiro Yoshida ◽  
Adrian A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
The Body ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Actuation Mechanism ◽  
Ephemeral Habitat ◽  
Sem Imaging

AbstractLarval insects use many methods for locomotion. Here we describe a previously unknown jumping behavior in a group of beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae). We analyze and describe this behavior in Laemophloeus biguttatus and provide information on similar observations for another laemophloeid species, Placonotus testaceus. Laemophloeus biguttatus larvae prelude jumps by arching their body while gripping the substrate with their legs over a period of 0.22 ± 0.17s. This is followed by a rapid ventral curling of the body after the larvae releases its grip that launches them into the air. Larvae reached takeoff velocities of 0.47 ± 0.15 m s-1 and traveled 11.2 ± 2.8 mm (1.98 ± 0.8 body lengths) horizontally and 7.9 ± 4.3 mm (1.5 ± 0.9 body lengths) vertically during their jumps. Conservative estimates of power output revealed that not all jumps can be explained by direct muscle power alone, suggesting Laemophloeus biguttatus uses a latch-mediated spring actuation mechanism (LaMSA) in which interaction between the larvae’s legs and the substrate serves as the latch. MicroCT scans and SEM imaging of larvae did not reveal any notable modifications that would aid in jumping. Although more in-depth experiments could not be performed to test hypotheses on the function of these jumps, we posit that this behavior is used for rapid locomotion which is energetically more efficient than crawling the same distance to disperse from their ephemeral habitat. We also summarize and discuss jumping behaviors among insect larvae for additional context of this behavior in laemophloeid beetles.

The Aerob and Anaerob Performance Beta-Alanine Supplement and Ergogenic Aid Using to the Power Output Variables in Cyclists: A Cohort Studies Random Model Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kahraman Y ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
P Value ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Beta Alanine ◽  
Performance Development

Supplement the use of ergogenic aids in cyclist’s directly have been improved the body metabolism and hemodynamic factors that are micro supplement in chancing reactions on the body muscle mass and limb muscle. Mostly knowing that, muscle power development progressive fast glycolytic and short time oxidative systems reactions. Sport competition intervals, therefore, during periods has been used specific drinks supported to cyclists. But, be obtained during should be long race times. Athletes directly needed some drug and fluid intake to prevent from metabolic breakdown rapidly the dynamic physiologic performance factors. Beta-alanine supplementation can be direct muscle performance development affects the anaerobic metabolism and capacity. It should be determined how the cyclists will use the competitive and training period intervals can increase the cyclists specific sprint and endurance race performance. Science cyclist International Road doses will be created in which, intervals can randomly effectively investigate. This study random cohort study is examined the effects of beta-alanine supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic power output in specific cyclists. Therefore, we have been databases PubMed, Scopus, and Medline initial search 10 August 2020 were created prospective effect the quality of bias work concluded Effect Size (ES) 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were used in the participant. Participants (N=66) have an age range of 25 to 38 of the using beta-alanine in training periods to endurance muscle performance, aerobic power, anaerobic power, and sprint time trials. As a result of beta-alanine improved anaerobic and aerobic power output on 4-week time-dependent trial performance condition. Significant values are obtained level factor-alpha <0.05 and p-value analysis pre-post interactive standardization.

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