scholarly journals The Relative Toxicity of Salts of Lead, Zinc and Copper to the Stickleback (Gasterosteus Aculeatus L.) and the Effect of Calcium on the Toxicity of Lead and Zinc Salts

1938 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-407
Author(s):  
J. R. ERICHSEN JONES
Keyword(s):  
Natural Waters ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Lead Nitrate ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Zinc Salts ◽  
Lead Zinc

1. Lethal limits of concentration are determined for lead, zinc and copper for the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). 2. The addition of calcium salts to solutions of lead nitrate or zinc sulphate reduces the toxicity of these salts to Gasterosteus. 50 mg. per l. of calcium (as nitrate or chloride) is sufficient to annul the toxicity of a 1 x 10-6 g. per c.c. solution of lead or a 2 x 10-6 g. per c.c. solution of zinc. 3. The reactions of the fish in the solutions with and without calcium are compared, and the respiratory symptoms are described with the aid of graphs illustrating the variation in respiration rate during the survival time. 4. It is shown that a running supply of "hard" tap water containing approximately 50 mg. per l. of calcium as calcium bicarbonate is harmless to the minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) and to the stickleback, when there is added to it the maximum amount of lead that it can hold in solution (7 x 10-7g. per c.c.). This concentration of lead in soft water is fatal to Gasterosteus in 38½ hr. 5. The same amount of calcium renders a 10 x 10-6g. per c.c. solution of lead harmless to the goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.). 6. It is concluded that, in the presence of sufficient calcium, the interaction between the lead, or zinc, and the mucus secreted by the fish does not take place. This conclusion was endorsed by experiments in vitro on the slime secreted by the eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.). 7. The application of these results to the pollution of natural waters by effluents from lead and zinc workings is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals A Further Study of the Reactions of Fish to Toxic Solutions

1948 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-34
Author(s):  
J. R. ERICHSEN JONES
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Lead Nitrate ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonia Solution ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Sodium Sulphide ◽  
Attractive Feature

This paper records some further observations on the reactions of fish to toxic solutions. The method of experimentation resembles that described in a previous paper by the writer (Jones, 1947b). In every case the solution is presented as an alternative to the Aberystwyth tap water, which is well aerated, very soft, of pH 6.8. In experiments with sodium sulphide a supply system is arranged in which dilute sodium sulphide solution, brought to pH 6.8 by the addition of sulphuric acid, is automatically made up as it runs into the observation vessel. Gasterosteus aculeatus L. reacts negatively to a 0.001 N solution almost immediately; at greater dilution the ‘reaction time’ lengthens, at 0.00008 N is about 47 min. Over the concentration range tested the reaction time is always shorter than the survival time. Gasterosteus is positive to 0.04 N lead nitrate. As a positive reaction is also displayed to equivalent concentrations of calcium nitrate, sodium nitrate and sodium chloride it is possible that the osmotic pressure of the solution is its attractive feature. At 0.01 N the positive response to lead nitrate disappears and at 0.004 N is replaced by a very definite negative reaction which is maintained down to 0.00002 N. The minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus L.) is also negative to dilute lead nitrate and will detect and avoid a 0.000004 N solution. Gasterosteus will avoid water more acid than pH 5.6 or more alkaline than pH 11.4. Over the range 5.8-11.2 the fish are indifferent or very vaguely positive. Gasterosteus is negative to 0.04 and 0.01 N ammonia solution, positive to 0.001 and 0.0001 N. The general result with ammonia is thus the converse of that observed with lead nitrate.

scholarly journals Critical importance of pH and collector type on the flotation of sphalerite and galena from a low-grade lead–zinc ore

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdolrahim Foroutan ◽  
Majid Abbas Zadeh Haji Abadi ◽  
Yaser Kianinia ◽  
Mahdi Ghadiri
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Zinc Recovery ◽  
Flotation Process ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Lead Zinc ◽  
Zinc Concentrate

AbstractCollector type and pulp pH play an important role in the lead–zinc ore flotation process. In the current study, the effect of pulp pH and the collector type parameters on the galena and sphalerite flotation from a complex lead–zinc–iron ore was investigated. The ethyl xanthate and Aero 3418 collectors were used for lead flotation and Aero 3477 and amyl xanthate for zinc flotation. It was found that maximum lead grade could be achieved by using Aero 3418 as collector at pH 8. Also, iron and zinc recoveries and grades were increased in the lead concentrate at lower pH which caused zinc recovery reduction in the zinc concentrate and decrease the lead grade concentrate. Furthermore, the results showed that the maximum zinc grade and recovery of 42.9% and 76.7% were achieved at pH 6 in the presence of Aero 3477 as collector. For both collectors at pH 5, Zinc recovery was increased around 2–3%; however, the iron recovery was also increased at this pH which reduced the zinc concentrate quality. Finally, pH 8 and pH 6 were selected as optimum pH values for lead and zinc flotation circuits, respectively.

scholarly journals Effects of Benzo[a]pyrene, Cortisol, and 17ß-Estradiol on Liver Microsomal EROD Activity of Anguilla anguilla: An In Vitro Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2533
Author(s):  
C.S.S. Ferreira ◽  
Miguel Oliveira ◽  
Maria Ana Santos ◽  
Mário Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Erod Activity ◽  
Biotransformation Process ◽  
Hepatic Microsomes ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
In Vitro Effects

Fish liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity is widely used as biomarker of exposure to chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It is known that endocrine system plays a major role in fish stress mechanism. Despite the considerable scientific information about steroid hormone’s response, namely cortisol and 17ß-estradiol (E2), to stress situations, little is known about the influence of these hormones on enzymes involved on the biotransformation process. Thus, this study aimed to assess the in vitro effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) (0.1, 0.3, 0.9, and 2.7 µM) and of two steroid hormones (cortisol and 17ß-estradiol) in a physiologically relevant concentration (5.997 ng/mL), alone or in combination, on Anguilla anguilla liver microsomal EROD activity, previously induced by 4 mg/kg β-naphthoflavone intraperitoneal injection. Hepatic microsomes in vitro exposure to the tested B[a]P concentrations induced a dose response inhibition of EROD activity, whereas exposure to cortisol significantly induced the activity of this enzyme. The steroid hormones were able to decrease the inhibitory effects of B[a]P on microsomal EROD activity, thus revealing a protective effect of these hormones over enzyme activity inhibited by contaminants.

scholarly journals In Vitro Oocyte Maturation and Ovulation in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri), Northern Pike (Esox lucius), and Goldfish (Carassius auratus)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 974-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Jalabert
Keyword(s):  
Oocyte Maturation ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Follicular Maturation ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Control Oocyte ◽  
Follicle Maturation ◽  
Ovulatory Process ◽  
Matured Oocyte

The endocrine processes which control oocyte maturation (resumption of meiosis) and ovulation have been studied in vitro in the trout Salmo gairdneri. Follicular maturation is ultimately under the control of a pituitary gonadotropin which induces the follicle to synthesize specific steroids; these steroids act in turn directly on the oocyte to promote maturation. The systematic study of the in vitro efficiency of various steroids have shown that 17α-hydroxy-20β-dihydroprogesterone plays a preferential role in initiating maturation; this steroid has a high affinity for a plasma protein system. The efficiency of this steroid, similarly to the efficiency of the gonadotropin, can be modulated by other circulating steroids. The precise chronology of some events of follicle maturation have been defined using inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis.The ovulatory process (sensu stricto: expulsion of matured oocyte from the follicular envelopes) has been experimentally dissociated from oocyte maturation, and some mediators likely to act on ovulation have been identified.These data permit the consideration of novel means of intervention at the ovarian level to synchronize maturation and ovulation in fish, in order to give new tools for progress in aquaculture.

THE UPTAKE OF TRITIATED LYSINE VASOPRESSIN BY RAT AND PIG PITUITARY NEURAL LOBES IN VITRO

1971 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Breakdown Product ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Neural Lobe ◽  
Lysine Vasopressin ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY Uptake of tritiated lysine vasopressin ([3H]LVP) was studied in halved neural lobes of rats (which had been given either tap water (control group) or 2% (w/v) NaCl solution as drinking water for 4 days) as well as in slices of pig neural lobe. Uptake of radioactivity into the neural lobes was shown but analysis of the extracts of incubated lobes of both species by ion exchange chromatography showed that very little of it remained in the tissue as hormone. In addition, some radioactivity was associated with trichloroacetic acid-insoluble proteins. After 90 min of incubation, and after correction for the breakdown, the uptake of unchanged [3H]LVP, expressed as a tissue: medium ratio, was 0·14 ± 0·04 and 0·09 ± 0·03 (mean ± s.e.m.) for the saline-treated and control rats respectively, while the tissue: medium ratios for the breakdown product(s) were 6·47 ± 0·45 and 5·50 ± 0·36. The results suggest uptake of [3H]LVP into the cell with almost complete intracellular breakdown of the hormone.

scholarly journals Effet d'hormones gonadotropes, in vitro, sur la concentration de l'adénosine monophosphate cyclique dans l'ovaire de l'anguille (Anguilla anguilla L.)

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth FONTAINE-BERTRAND ◽  
C. SALMON ◽  
Y. A. FONTAINE ◽  
Nadine DELERUE-LE-BELLE ◽  
J. MARCHELIDON.
Keyword(s):  
Anguilla Anguilla

Generation and transit pathway of H+ is critical for inhibition of palmar sweating by iontophoresis in water

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 2258-2264 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sato ◽  
D. E. Timm ◽  
F. Sato ◽  
E. A. Templeton ◽  
D. S. Meletiou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Galvanic Current ◽  
Silicone Grease ◽  
Secretory Coil ◽  
Cathodal Current ◽  
Palmar Sweating

Passing galvanic current across the skin (known as "tap water iontophoresis" or TWI) inhibits sweating; however, its mechanism of action is unclear. Using improved methods, we confirmed that anodal current has more of an inhibitory effect than cathodal current, water is superior to saline, and the inhibitory effect is a function of the amperage used. To address the importance of current flowing through the pores, a layer of silicone grease was placed on the skin to reduce the shunt pathway across the epidermis. With silicone, total skin conductance decreased 60% without the sweat pores being occluded, swelling of the stratum corneum and collapse of the poral lumen was prevented, and current-induced inhibition of sweating was enhanced, most likely because of an increase in current density in the pores. The pH of anodal water, but not of saline, dropped to 3, whereas that of cathodal water increased to 10 during passage of current through the skin. Acidified anodal water was superior to alkaline water. Sweat glands isolated from TWI-induced anhidrotic palmar skin responded to methacholine in vitro, but the sweat rate and pharmacological sensitivity were slightly lowered. Thus the strong acidity generated by hydrolysis of water in the anodal bath and the further accumulation of H+ in the sweat duct by anodal current may be responsible for TWI-induced inhibition of sweating due to an unknown lesion(s) in the duct or sweat pore. The secretory coil function may also be altered because of exposure to intense acidity during TWI. The importance of H+ movement into the sweat pore for inhibition of sweating could be further exploited to develop new strategies for the control of sweating.

scholarly journals Evaluation of coconut water neutralized by different agents on the viability of human fibroblasts: an in vitro study

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Barbosa Ferreira SOARES ◽  
Aletheia Moraes ROCHA ◽  
Manuella Verdinelli de Paula REIS ◽  
Camilla Christian Gomes MOURA ◽  
Carlos José SOARES
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Ph Adjustment ◽  
Adjustment Method

Abstract Objective This study evaluated four types of pH adjustment of the coconut water (CW) on viability of human fibroblasts (HFF). Material and method Natural and industrialized CW were adjusted to pH 7.0 using: (1) Sodium Hidroxide (NaOH), (2) Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), (3) Triethanolamine (C6H15NO3), (4) 2-Amino-2-Methil-1-Propanol (C4H11NO). Fibroblasts were plated at 2×104/ well in 96 well plates and maintained in the CW solutions for 2 h and 4 h. Positive control was represented by HFF maintained in DMEM and the negative control by tap water. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT formazan method. Data were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s and Dunnet’s test. Result There are no significant effect on the cell viability regarding type of CW, period of evaluation, and the interactions between CW and period of evaluation, CW and pH adjustment method, pH adjustment method and period of evaluation (p>0.05). Conclusion The product used for CW pH adjustment did not influenced HFF viability, thought there are a tendency of better performance in natural CW.

scholarly journals Development of multivariate calibration method for simultaneous determination of nickel, lead and zinc in tap water

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151
Author(s):  
Chau Minh Huynh ◽  
Thu Du Ly ◽  
Thach Thai Pham ◽  
Tran Thi Bao Pham ◽  
Minh Khanh Duong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Multivariate Calibration ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Determination Of Nickel ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Nickel Lead

Conventional spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of nickel, lead and zinc in forms of complexes with a reagent is not feasible due to the overlap of their absorption spectra. A multivariate calibration method was used to overcome this problem. In this study, the calibration model was constructed based on absorption spectra of 30 mixture standards in the range from 490 to 600 nm. Factors influencing experimental results such as amount of reagents, pH, and color development time were optimized. The standard calibration ranges for determination of nickel, lead and zinc were found at 0.5-5 ppm. The method was applied for determination of these ions in tap water samples at ppm level, with recoveries (and RSD) of nickel, lead and zinc were 103.3 % (3.0 %), 74.9 % (11.5 %) and 104.6 % (4.6 %), respectively.

scholarly journals Temperature-induced reorganisation of Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda) proteome during the transition to the warm-blooded host

Biology Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Borvinskaya ◽  
Albina A. Kochneva ◽  
Polina B. Drozdova ◽  
Olga V. Balan ◽  
Victor G. Zgoda
Keyword(s):  
Model Experiment ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Tegument Protein ◽  
Schistocephalus Solidus ◽  
Induced Genes

ABSTRACT The protein composition of the cestode Schistocephalus solidus was measured in an experiment simulating the trophic transmission of the parasite from a cold-blooded to a warm-blooded host. The first hour of host colonisation was studied in a model experiment, in which sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus infected with S. solidus were heated at 40°C for 1 h. As a result, a decrease in the content of one tegument protein was detected in the plerocercoids of S. solidus. Sexual maturation of the parasites was initiated in an experiment where S. solidus larvae were taken from fish and cultured in vitro at 40°C for 48 h. Temperature-independent changes in the parasite proteome were investigated by incubating plerocercoids at 22°C for 48 h in culture medium. Analysis of the proteome allowed us to distinguish the temperature-induced genes of S. solidus, as well as to specify the molecular markers of the plerocercoid and adult worms. The main conclusion of the study is that the key enzymes of long-term metabolic changes (glycogen consumption, protein production, etc.) in parasites during colonisation of a warm-blooded host are induced by temperature.

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