Differential and overlapping expression patterns of X-dll3 and Pax-6 genes suggest distinct roles in olfactory system development of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (12) ◽  
pp. 2049-2061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Dominique Franco ◽  
Michael P. Pape ◽  
Jennifer J. Swiergiel ◽  
Gail D. Burd
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
De Novo ◽  
System Development ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Olfactory Placode ◽  
Water Borne

SUMMARY In Xenopus laevis, the formation of the adult olfactory epithelium involves embryonic, larval and metamorphic phases. The olfactory epithelium in the principal cavity (PC) develops during embryogenesis from the olfactory placode and is thought to respond to water-borne odorants throughout larval life. During metamorphosis, the PC undergoes major transformations and is exposed to air-borne odorants. Also during metamorphosis, the middle cavity (MC) develops de novo. The olfactory epithelium in the MC has the same characteristics as that in the larval PC and is thought to respond to water-borne odorants. Using in situ hybridization, we analyzed the expression pattern of the homeobox genes X-dll3 and Pax-6 within the developing olfactory system. Early in development, X-dll3 is expressed in both the neuronal and non-neuronal ectoderm of the sense plate and in all cell layers of the olfactory placode and larval PC. Expression becomes restricted to the neurons and basal cells of the PC by mid-metamorphosis. During metamorphosis, X-dll3 is also expressed throughout the developing MC epithelium and becomes restricted to neurons and basal cells at metamorphic climax. This expression pattern suggests that X-dll3 is first involved in the patterning and genesis of all cells forming the olfactory tissue and is then involved in neurogenesis or neuronal maturation in putative water- and air-sensing epithelia. In contrast, Pax-6 expression is restricted to the olfactory placode, larval PC and metamorphic MC, suggesting that Pax-6 is specifically involved in the formation of water-sensing epithelium. The expression patterns suggest that X-dll3 and Pax-6 are both involved in establishing the olfactory placode during embryonic development, but subtle differences in cellular and temporal expression patterns suggest that these genes have distinct functions.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Sequencing of Trichoderma Koningiopsis Strain Tk1 to Identify and Analyze Differential Gene Expression Patterns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Luo ◽  
Zhangyong Dong ◽  
Yongxin Shu ◽  
Mobing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Differential Gene Expression ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Transcriptome Assembly ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Carbohydrate Active Enzymes ◽  
Differential Gene

Abstract Background: Trichoderma koningiopsis strain Tk1 shows good biocontrol potential. However, its biocontrol function may differ under different conditions. The objective of this study is to elucidate the biological and transcriptome differences of T. koningiopsis Tk1 under different media. Results: In this study, the mycelium weight and sporulation of T. koningiopsis Tk1 was found to differ in various media. Further, the Tk1 strain inhibited the growth of the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum in the three media tested. Fries3, PD, and PS were collected for RNA sequencing of Tk1 mycelia to identify the genes that are differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Tk1 grown on different media. De novo transcriptome assembly resulted in identification of 14,208 unigenes. The differential gene expression pattern was more similar between the Fries3 and PS samples, whereas PD samples showed a different expression pattern. The DEGs were enriched in some metabolic and biosynthetic pathways. Additional analysis of the DEGs identified a set of carbohydrate-active enzymes that are upregulated or downregulated under different conditions.Conclusions: These results indicate that the Tk1 strain cultured in Fires3 and PS mediums can produce specific metabolic and carbohydrate-active enzymes to enhance their antimicrobial effect, providing a foundation for the subsequent mining of specific genes.

scholarly journals Region Specific Amyloid-β Accumulation in Olfactory Sensory Neurons Influences Ecto-Ventral Olfactory Dysfunction in 5xFAD Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gowoon Son ◽  
Seung-Jun Yoo ◽  
Shinwoo Kang ◽  
Ameer Rasheed ◽  
Da Hae Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
5Xfad Mouse

Abstract Background: Hyposmia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a typical early symptom according to numerous previous clinical studies. Although the causes of damage have been proposed in every olfactory system including olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex, the main causes of AD- related hyposmia are largely unknown. Methods: We here focused on peripheral olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and delved deeper into the direct relationship between pathophysiological and behavioral results using odorants. We also histologically confirmed the pathological changes in three-month-old 5xFAD mouse models which recapitulates AD pathology. We introduced a numeric scale histologically to compare physiological phenomenon and local tissue lesions regardless of anatomical plane. Results: We observed the odorant group, which 5xFAD mouse could not detect, also neither did physiologically activate the OSNs that propagate to the ventral olfactory bulb. Interestingly, the amount of accumulated amyloid-β (Aβ) was high in the ecto-ventrally located OSNs that showed reduced responses to odorants. We also observed irreversible damage to the ecto-region of the olfactory epithelium by measuring impaired neuronal turnover ratio from the basal cells to the matured OSNs. Conclusions: Our results showed that partial and asymmetrical accumulation of Aβ coincided with physiologically and structurally damaged areas in the peripheral olfactory system, which evoked hyporeactivity to some odorants. Taken together, partial olfactory dysfunction closely-associated with peripheral OSN’s loss could be a leading cause of the AD-related hyposmia, a characteristic of early AD.

54 EXPRESSION PATTERN OF DNMT1 AND DNMT3a GENES DURING INTERGENERIC SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
M. Morovic ◽  
F. Strejcek ◽  
O. Ostrup ◽  
A. Lucas-Hahn ◽  
B. Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Preimplantation Embryos ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Nuclear Transfer Embryo ◽  
Species Specific

One of the most-discussed reasons for developmental incompetence of embryos constructed by the cloning procedure is inadequate reprogramming of the transferred nucleus to a state equivalent to that of an early embryonic nucleus. Previous studies have shown species-dependent expression patterns of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) genes in mammalian oocytes and preimplantation embryos, and also a correlation between incomplete DNA methylation and the lack of NT success in mammals. In the present study, the expression pattern of DNMT1 and DNTM3a genes at the 2-cell and 4-cell stages of bovine versus porcine intergeneric nuclear transfer (iSCNT) embryos was observed by reverse-transcriptase (RT) PCR. All pools were done in triplicate and contained 10 iSCNT embryos. The species-specific primers for DNMT1 and DNMT3a genes were designed for determination of de novo synthesis of epigenetic enzymes. As positive controls, porcine and bovine parthenogenetic embryos were used. Gene transcription for bovine DNMT1 (bDNMT1) and DNMT3a (bDNMT3a) was not observed in 2- and 4-cell stage embryos generated by bovine fibroblast transfer into the porcine ooplasm; however, using primers for pig DNMT1 (pDNMT1) and DNMT3a (pDNMT3a), positive results were obtained. In the 2- and 4-cell-stage embryos constructed using porcine fibroblast and bovine ooplasm, only the bovine-specific primers showed positive signals. Based on the different timing of major genome activation during embryonic development in bovine and porcine embryos, the strong influence of ooplasm on introduced fibroblast was expected. Despite the mRNA presence of DNMT1 and DNMT3a enzymes of oocyte origin, de novo transcription of somatic DNMT1 and DNMT3a genes was not detected and iSCNT embryos did not develop beyond the 4-cell stage. These results strongly suggest species-specific and maternally driven regulation of epigenetic reprogramming during early embryogenesis. This work was supported by VEGA 1/0077/11.

AML with Translocation T(8;16) Shows Unique Cytomorphological, Cytogenetic, Molecular, and Prognostic Features and Therefore Qualifies as An Own Entity According to WHO Criteria.

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 1197-1197
Author(s):  
Alexander Kohlmann ◽  
Martin Dugas ◽  
Hans-Ulrich Klein ◽  
Christian Ruckert ◽  
Wolfgang Kern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Who Criteria ◽  
Prognostic Features

Abstract Balanced chromosomal rearrangements define distinct biological subsets in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is recognized that recurrent balanced aberrations, such as t(15;17), t(8;21), inv(16), and 11q23/MLL translocations, show a close correlation to cytomorphology and also harbor specific gene expression signatures. We here present a cohort of 13 AML cases with t(8;16)(p11;p13). This translocation is rare with only 13 cases (6 males, 7 females) diagnosed from our overall cohort of 6124 cases of AML over recent years, and is more frequently found in therapy-related AML than in de novo AML (7/438 t-AML, and 6/5686 de novo, p=0.00001). Prognosis was poor with median overall survival of 4.7 months. Five patients deceased within the first month after diagnosis. AML with t(8;16) is characterized by striking cytomorphologic features: In all 13 cases the positivity for myeloperoxidase (MPO) on bone marrow smears was >30% (median: 85%) and intriguingly, in parallel also >40% (median: 88%) of blast cells stained strongly positive for non-specific esterase (NSE) in the same cell, suggesting that AML with t(8;16) arise from a very early stem cell with both myeloid and monoblastic differentiation potential. Therefore, AML with t(8;16) cases can not be classified according to standard FAB categories. Morphologically we also detected erythrophagocytosis in 7/13 cases, a specific feature in AML with t(8;16) that was previously described. With respect to cytogenetics, 6/13 patients had t(8;16)(p11;p13) as sole abnormality. 7/13 patients demonstrated additional non-recurrent abnormalities, 4 cases with single additional aberrations, and 3 cases with two or more additional aberrations. Molecular analyses detected the MYST3- CREBBP fusion transcript in all cases tested (12/12). We then compared gene expression patterns in 7 cases of AML with t(8;16) to: (i) AML FAB subtypes M1 and M4/5 with strong MPO or NSE with normal karyotype and to (ii) distinct AML subtypes with balanced chromosomal aberrations according to WHO classification. In a first series using Affymetrix HG-U133A+B microarrays 4 cases of AML with t(8;16) were compared to FAB M1 (n=46), M4 (n=41), M5a (n=9), and M5b (n=16). Hierarchical clustering and principal component analyses revealed that AML with t(8;16) were intercalating rather with FAB subtypes M4 and M5b and did not cluster near to FAB M1, although strong positivity for MPO was seen in all t(8;16) cases. Thus, monocytic characteristics influence the gene expression pattern stronger than myeloid features. When further compared to AML WHO subtypes t(15;17) (n=43), t(8;21) (n=43), inv(16) (n=49), and 11q23/MLL (n=50), AML with t(8;16) samples were repeatedly grouped in the vicinity of the 11q23/MLL cases. This can be explained by a similar expression of genes such as EAF2, HOXA9, HOXA10, PRKCD, or HNMT. Yet, in a subsequent pairwise comparison AML with t(8;16) could also be clearly discriminated from 11q23/MLL with differentially expressed genes including CAPRIN1, RAN, SMARCD2, LRRC41, or H2BFS, higher expressed in AML with t(8;16) and SOCS2, PRAME, RUNX3, or TPT1, lower expressed in AML with t(8;16), respectively. Moreover, the respective FAB-type or WHO-type signatures were validated on a separate cohort of patients (n=3 AML with t(8;16); n=107 other AML subtypes as above), all prospectively analyzed with the successor HG-U133 Plus 2.0 microarray. Again, in direct comparison to FAB-type or WHO-type cases, dominant and unique gene expression patterns were seen for AML with t(8;16), confirming the molecular distinctiveness of this rare AML entity. Using a classification algorithm we were able to correctly predict all AML with t(8;16) cases by their gene expression pattern. This accuracy was observed not only for both FAB-type and WHO-type signatures, but also correctly classified the cases across the different patient cohorts and microarray designs. In conclusion, AML with t(8;16) is a specific subtype of AML with very poor prognosis that often presents as treatment-related AML and with particular characteristics not only in morphology and clinical profile, but also on a molecular level. Due to these unique features, it qualifies as a specific recurrent entity according to WHO criteria.

scholarly journals Zone-specific damage of the olfactory epithelium under protein restriction

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayinuer Tuerdi ◽  
Shu Kikuta ◽  
Makoto Kinoshita ◽  
Teru Kamogashira ◽  
Kenji Kondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Protein Restriction ◽  
Outer Hair Cells ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Cell Dynamics ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractOxidative stress causes tissue damage, affecting age-related pathologies. Protein restriction (PR) provides a powerful intervention strategy for reducing oxidative stress, which may have a positive effect on individual organs. However, it is unknown whether PR intervention influences the olfactory system. Here, we investigated how 10 months of PR could affect the cell dynamics of the olfactory epithelium (OE) in mice. We found that PR reduced age-related loss of outer hair cells in the cochlea, providing preventive effects against age-related hearing loss. In contrast, PR resulted in reduced mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), increased proliferative basal cells, and increased apoptotic OSNs in zone 1 (the only area containing neurons expressing NQO1 [quinone dehydrogenase 1]) of the OE in comparison with animals given a control diet. Substantial oxidative stress occurred in NQO1-positive cells and induced apoptotic OSNs in zone 1. These results indicate that in contrast to the positive effect on the auditory system, PR induces oxidative stress and structurally and functionally negative effects on OSNs in zone 1, which is probably involved in the bioactivation of NQO1.

scholarly journals Identification and Expression Analysis of the Genes Involved in the Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides Pathway of Phaseolus vulgaris and Glycine max

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1465
Author(s):  
Ramon de Koning ◽  
Raphaël Kiekens ◽  
Mary Esther Muyoka Toili ◽  
Geert Angenon
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Raffinose Synthase

Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) play an important role in plants but are also considered to be antinutritional factors. A profound understanding of the galactinol and RFO biosynthetic gene families and the expression patterns of the individual genes is a prerequisite for the sustainable reduction of the RFO content in the seeds, without compromising normal plant development and functioning. In this paper, an overview of the annotation and genetic structure of all galactinol- and RFO biosynthesis genes is given for soybean and common bean. In common bean, three galactinol synthase genes, two raffinose synthase genes and one stachyose synthase gene were identified for the first time. To discover the expression patterns of these genes in different tissues, two expression atlases have been created through re-analysis of publicly available RNA-seq data. De novo expression analysis through an RNA-seq study during seed development of three varieties of common bean gave more insight into the expression patterns of these genes during the seed development. The results of the expression analysis suggest that different classes of galactinol- and RFO synthase genes have tissue-specific expression patterns in soybean and common bean. With the obtained knowledge, important galactinol- and RFO synthase genes that specifically play a key role in the accumulation of RFOs in the seeds are identified. These candidate genes may play a pivotal role in reducing the RFO content in the seeds of important legumes which could improve the nutritional quality of these beans and would solve the discomforts associated with their consumption.

scholarly journals Extinction reverses olfactory fear-conditioned increases in neuron number and glomerular size

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (41) ◽  
pp. 12846-12851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filomene G. Morrison ◽  
Brian G. Dias ◽  
Kerry J. Ressler
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Freezing Behavior ◽  
Extinction Training ◽  
Odor Stimulus ◽  
Main Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Odor Learning

Although much work has investigated the contribution of brain regions such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex to the processing of fear learning and memory, fewer studies have examined the role of sensory systems, in particular the olfactory system, in the detection and perception of cues involved in learning and memory. The primary sensory receptive field maps of the olfactory system are exquisitely organized and respond dynamically to cues in the environment, remaining plastic from development through adulthood. We have previously demonstrated that olfactory fear conditioning leads to increased odorant-specific receptor representation in the main olfactory epithelium and in glomeruli within the olfactory bulb. We now demonstrate that olfactory extinction training specific to the conditioned odor stimulus reverses the conditioning-associated freezing behavior and odor learning-induced structural changes in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb in an odorant ligand-specific manner. These data suggest that learning-induced freezing behavior, structural alterations, and enhanced neural sensory representation can be reversed in adult mice following extinction training.

scholarly journals Analysis of maxillopedia Expression Pattern and Larval Cuticular Phenotype in Wild-Type and Mutant Tribolium

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 721-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa D Shippy ◽  
Jianhua Guo ◽  
Susan J Brown ◽  
Richard W Beeman ◽  
Robin E Denell
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Homeotic Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Similar Expression ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes

Abstract The Tribolium castaneum homeotic gene maxillopedia (mxp) is the ortholog of Drosophila proboscipedia (pb). Here we describe and classify available mxp alleles. Larvae lacking all mxp function die soon after hatching, exhibiting strong transformations of maxillary and labial palps to legs. Hypomorphic mxp alleles produce less severe transformations to leg. RNA interference with maxillopedia double-stranded RNA results in phenocopies of mxp mutant phenotypes ranging from partial to complete transformations. A number of gain-of-function (GOF) mxp alleles have been isolated based on transformations of adult antennae and/or legs toward palps. Finally, we have characterized the mxp expression pattern in wild-type and mutant embryos. In normal embryos, mxp is expressed in the maxillary and labial segments, whereas ectopic expression is observed in some GOF variants. Although mxp and Pb display very similar expression patterns, pb null embryos develop normally. The mxp mutant larval phenotype in Tribolium is consistent with the hypothesis that an ancestral pb-like gene had an embryonic function that was lost in the lineage leading to Drosophila.

scholarly journals Region-specific amyloid-β accumulation in the olfactory system influences olfactory sensory neuronal dysfunction in 5xFAD mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gowoon Son ◽  
Seung-Jun Yoo ◽  
Shinwoo Kang ◽  
Ameer Rasheed ◽  
Da Hae Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
5Xfad Mouse ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
5Xfad Mice

Abstract Background Hyposmia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a typical early symptom according to numerous previous clinical studies. Although amyloid-β (Aβ), which is one of the toxic factors upregulated early in AD, has been identified in many studies, even in the peripheral areas of the olfactory system, the pathology involving olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) remains poorly understood. Methods Here, we focused on peripheral olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and delved deeper into the direct relationship between pathophysiological and behavioral results using odorants. We also confirmed histologically the pathological changes in 3-month-old 5xFAD mouse models, which recapitulates AD pathology. We introduced a numeric scale histologically to compare physiological phenomenon and local tissue lesions regardless of the anatomical plane. Results We observed the odorant group that the 5xFAD mice showed reduced responses to odorants. These also did not physiologically activate OSNs that propagate their axons to the ventral olfactory bulb. Interestingly, the amount of accumulated amyloid-β (Aβ) was high in the OSNs located in the olfactory epithelial ectoturbinate and the ventral olfactory bulb glomeruli. We also observed irreversible damage to the ectoturbinate of the olfactory epithelium by measuring the impaired neuronal turnover ratio from the basal cells to the matured OSNs. Conclusions Our results showed that partial and asymmetrical accumulation of Aβ coincided with physiologically and structurally damaged areas in the peripheral olfactory system, which evoked hyporeactivity to some odorants. Taken together, partial olfactory dysfunction closely associated with peripheral OSN’s loss could be a leading cause of AD-related hyposmia, a characteristic of early AD.

scholarly journals MED12-Related (Neuro)Developmental Disorders: A Question of Causality

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 663
Author(s):  
Stijn van de Plassche ◽  
Arjan PM de Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mediator Complex ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Facial Dysmorphism ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Feeding Difficulties ◽  
Missense Variants ◽  
Pathogenic Variants

MED12 is a member of the Mediator complex that is involved in the regulation of transcription. Missense variants in MED12 cause FG syndrome, Lujan-Fryns syndrome, and Ohdo syndrome, as well as non-syndromic intellectual disability (ID) in hemizygous males. Recently, female patients with de novo missense variants and de novo protein truncating variants in MED12 were described, resulting in a clinical spectrum centered around ID and Hardikar syndrome without ID. The missense variants are found throughout MED12, whether they are inherited in hemizygous males or de novo in females. They can result in syndromic or nonsyndromic ID. The de novo nonsense variants resulting in Hardikar syndrome that is characterized by facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, and intestinal malrotation, are found more N-terminally, whereas the more C-terminally positioned variants are de novo protein truncating variants that cause a severe, syndromic phenotype consisting of ID, facial dysmorphism, short stature, skeletal abnormalities, feeding difficulties, and variable other abnormalities. This broad range of distinct phenotypes calls for a method to distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic variants in MED12. We propose an isogenic iNeuron model to establish the unique gene expression patterns that are associated with the specific MED12 variants. The discovery of these patterns would help in future diagnostics and determine the causality of the MED12 variants.

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