scholarly journals Plasticity in parental effects confers rapid larval thermal tolerance in the estuarine anemone Nematostella vectensis

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (5) ◽  
pp. jeb236745
Author(s):  
Hanny E. Rivera ◽  
Cheng-Yi Chen ◽  
Matthew C. Gibson ◽  
Ann M. Tarrant
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Nematostella Vectensis ◽  
Parental Effects ◽  
Thermal Thresholds ◽  
Parental Exposure ◽  
Consistent Increase

ABSTRACTParental effects can prepare offspring for different environments and facilitate survival across generations. We exposed parental populations of the estuarine anemone, Nematostella vectensis, from Massachusetts to elevated temperatures and quantified larval mortality across a temperature gradient. We found that parental exposure to elevated temperatures resulted in a consistent increase in larval thermal tolerance, as measured by the temperature at which 50% of larvae die (LT50), with a mean increase in LT50 of 0.3°C. Larvae from subsequent spawns returned to baseline thermal thresholds when parents were returned to normal temperatures, indicating plasticity in these parental effects. Histological analyses of gametogenesis in females suggested that these dynamic shifts in larval thermal tolerance may be facilitated by maternal effects in non-overlapping gametic cohorts. We also compared larvae from North Carolina (a genetically distinct population with higher baseline thermal tolerance) and Massachusetts parents, and observed that larvae from heat-exposed Massachusetts parents had thermal thresholds comparable to those of larvae from unexposed North Carolina parents. North Carolina parents also increased larval thermal tolerance under the same high-temperature regime, suggesting that plasticity in parental effects is an inherent trait for N. vectensis. Overall, we find that larval thermal tolerance in N. vectensis shows a strong genetic basis and can be modulated by parental effects. Further understanding of the mechanisms behind these shifts can elucidate the fate of thermally sensitive ectotherms in a rapidly changing thermal environment.

scholarly journals Plasticity in parental effects confers rapid larval thermal tolerance in Nematostella vectensis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanny E. Rivera ◽  
Cheng-Yi Chen ◽  
Matthew C. Gibson ◽  
Ann M. Tarrant
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Nematostella Vectensis ◽  
Parental Effects ◽  
Thermal Thresholds ◽  
Parental Exposure ◽  
Consistent Increase

AbstractParental effects can prepare offspring for different environments and facilitate survival across generations. We exposed parental populations of the estuarine anemone, Nematostella vectensis, from Massachusetts to elevated temperatures and quantified larval mortality across a temperature gradient. We find that parental exposure to elevated temperatures results in a consistent increase in larval thermal tolerance (mean ΔLT50: 0.3°C), and larvae from subsequent spawns return to baseline thermal thresholds when parents are returned to normal temperatures. Histological analyses of gametogenesis in females suggests these dynamic shifts in larval thermal tolerance may be facilitated by maternal effects in non-overlapping gametic cohorts. We also compared larvae from North Carolina (a genetically distinct population with higher baseline thermal tolerance) and Massachusetts parents, and found larvae from heat-exposed Massachusetts parents have thermal thresholds comparable to larvae from unexposed North Carolina parents. North Carolina parents also increased larval thermal tolerance under the same high-temperature regime, suggesting plasticity in parental effects is an inherent trait for N. vectensis. Overall, we find larval thermal tolerance in N. vectensis shows both a strong genetic basis and phenotypic plasticity. Further understanding the mechanisms behind these shifts can elucidate the fate of thermally sensitive ectotherms in a rapidly changing thermal environment.

scholarly journals Effects of a scientific echo sounder on the behavior of short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 716-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Quick ◽  
Lindesay Scott-Hayward ◽  
Dina Sadykova ◽  
Doug Nowacek ◽  
Andrew Read
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Generalized Estimating Equations ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Hidden Markov ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cape Hatteras ◽  
Consistent Increase ◽  
Pilot Whales ◽  
Acoustic Recording ◽  
Echo Sounder

Active echo sounding devices are often employed for commercial or scientific purposes in the foraging habitats of marine mammals. We conducted an experiment off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA, to assess whether the behavior of short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) changed when exposed to an EK60 scientific echo sounder. We attached digital acoustic recording tags (DTAGs) to nine individuals, five of which were exposed. A hidden Markov model to characterize diving states with and without exposure provided no evidence for a change in foraging behavior. However, generalized estimating equations to model changes in heading variance over the entire tag record under all experimental conditions showed a consistent increase in heading variance during exposure over all values of depth and pitch. This suggests that regardless of behavioral state, the whales changed their heading more frequently when the echo sounder was active. This response could represent increased vigilance in which whales maintained awareness of echo sounder location by increasing their heading variance and provides the first quantitative analysis on reactions of cetaceans to a scientific echo sounder.

scholarly journals Thermal tolerance of the zoea I stage of four Neotropical crab species (Crustacea: Decapoda)

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Adriana P. Rebolledo ◽  
Rachel Collin
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Crab Species ◽  
Marine Habitat ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Carry Over

. Although larval stages are often considered particularly vulnerable to stressors, for many marine invertebrates studies of thermal tolerance have focused on adults. Here we determined the upper thermal limit (LT50) of the zoea I of four Caribbean crab species (Macrocoelomatrispinosum, Aratuspisonii, Armasesricordi, and Minucarapax) and compared their thermal tolerance over time and among species. The zoea from the subtidal species M.trispinosum and tree climbing mangrove species A.pisonii had a lower thermal tolerance, 35 and 38.5 °C respectively, than did the semiterrestrial A.ricordi and M.rapax. In all four species tested, the estimates of thermal tolerance depend on the duration of exposure to elevated temperatures. Longer exposures to thermal stress produce lower estimates of LT50, which decreased by ~1 °C from a two- to a six-hour exposure. Crab embryos develop on the abdomen of the mother until the larvae are ready to hatch. Therefore, the thermal tolerances of the embryos which need to coincide with the environmental conditions experienced by the adult stage, may carry over into the early zoea stage. Our results suggest that semiterrestrial species, in which embryos may need to withstand higher temperatures than embryos of subtidal species also produce larvae with higher thermal tolerances. Over the short term, the larvae of these tropical crab species can withstand significantly higher temperatures than those experienced in their marine habitat. Longer term rearing studies are necessary to determine the temperature at which chronic exposure has a negative impact on embryonic and larval survival.

Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Woundfin Embryos and Larvae with Application to Conservation Propagation

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke M. Holmquist ◽  
Andrew M. Ray ◽  
Betsy A. Bancroft ◽  
Nick Pinkham ◽  
Molly A. H. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Parental Effects ◽  
Endangered Fish ◽  
Ultraviolet B Radiation ◽  
Shade Cloth ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Age At Exposure

Abstract Endangered woundfin Plagopterus argentissimus embryos and larvae were exposed to artificial ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation to directly examine the effects on mortality. The experiment was part of a project assisting the Virgin River Resource Management and Recovery Program's efforts to increase hatchery production of this endangered fish. The UV-B radiation used in this experiment was administered in treatments of 0.060, 0.030, and 0.015 mW/cm2 to simulate 100, 50, and 25% of the ambient irradiance levels documented in outdoor tanks and living streams at Bubbling Ponds State Fish Hatchery, in Arizona. Embryos and larvae were exposed for 14.5 h followed by 9.5 h of darkness, in correspondence with the daylight hours at Bubbling Ponds. No embryos survived UV-B treatments; mortality among control (UV-B–free) treatments varied (5–100%) among females, indicating that there may be important parental effects that influence embryo mortality. Larval mortality was also 100% for individuals exposed to any of the three UV-B treatments. In contrast to embryo trials, larval mortality in UV-B–free treatments approached 20% for 2-d-old larvae. These experiments provide evidence that woundfin embryos and larvae are sensitive to even low levels of UV-B when exposed for 14.5 h. Susceptibility of larvae to UV-B also appears to be a function of age at exposure, with older larvae exhibiting significantly lower levels of mortality during the initial days of exposure. Experiments with UV-B mitigation strategies indicated that shade cloth, Aquashade®, and elevated dissolved organic carbon can aid in the attenuation of UV-B, and these strategies may assist hatchery managers in implementing UV-B mitigation measures during periods when woundfin are most susceptible.

Comparative Effect of Heat Shock on Survival of O157:H7 and Non-O157 Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella in Lean Beef with or without Moisture-Enhancing Ingredients

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 1002-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhila Vasan ◽  
Steven C. Ingham ◽  
Barbara H. Ingham
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Linear Portion ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
Pathogen Control

ABSTRACT Thermal tolerance of pathogenic bacteria has been shown to increase after exposure to sublethal elevated temperatures, or heat shock. We evaluated the effect of heat shock at 48°C on thermal tolerance (D55°C) of cocktails of O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella in lean ground beef with or without moisture-enhancing ingredients. Beef was moisture enhanced to 110% (w) with a 5% NaCl–2.5% sodium tripolyphosphate (w/w) brine. Meat, with or without added brine, was inoculated (∼108 CFU/g) and heat shocked at 48°C for 0, 5, or 30 min, followed by isothermal heating at 55°C. Inoculated control samples were unenhanced and were not subject to heat shock. From the linear portion of the log CFU per gram surviving cells over time plots, D55°C-values (minutes) were calculated. D55°C was 20.43, 28.78, and 21.15 min for O157, non-O157, and Salmonella controls, respectively. Overall, heat shock significantly increased D55°C, regardless of pathogen (P < 0.05). After 30 min of heat shock, D55°C increased 89 and 160% for O157 STEC, 32 and 49% for non-O157 STEC, and 29 and 57% for Salmonella, in unenhanced and enhanced samples, respectively, relative to the pathogen control. D55°C for Salmonella was the same or significantly less than for O157 and non-O157 STEC, regardless of heat shock, and was significantly less than for O157 and non-O157 STEC in all trials with moisture-enhanced meat (P < 0.05). Moisture-enhancing ingredients significantly increased D55°C, regardless of pathogen (P < 0.05). We suggest that thermal processes validated against Salmonella may not prove effective against STEC in all cases and that regulators of the beef industry should focus attention on STEC in nonintact moisture-enhanced beef products.

scholarly journals Are model organisms representative for climate change research? Testing thermal tolerance in wild and laboratory zebrafish populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Morgan ◽  
Josefin Sundin ◽  
Mette H Finnøen ◽  
Gunnar Dresler ◽  
Marc Martínez Vendrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Climate Change Research ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Laboratory Acclimation

Abstract Model organisms can be useful for studying climate change impacts, but it is unclear whether domestication to laboratory conditions has altered their thermal tolerance and therefore how representative of wild populations they are. Zebrafish in the wild live in fluctuating thermal environments that potentially reach harmful temperatures. In the laboratory, zebrafish have gone through four decades of domestication and adaptation to stable optimal temperatures with few thermal extremes. If maintaining thermal tolerance is costly or if genetic traits promoting laboratory fitness at optimal temperature differ from genetic traits for high thermal tolerance, the thermal tolerance of laboratory zebrafish could be hypothesized to be lower than that of wild zebrafish. Furthermore, very little is known about the thermal environment of wild zebrafish and how close to their thermal limits they live. Here, we compared the acute upper thermal tolerance (critical thermal maxima; CTmax) of wild zebrafish measured on-site in West Bengal, India, to zebrafish at three laboratory acclimation/domestication levels: wild-caught, F1 generation wild-caught and domesticated laboratory AB-WT line. We found that in the wild, CTmax increased with increasing site temperature. Yet at the warmest site, zebrafish lived very close to their thermal limit, suggesting that they may currently encounter lethal temperatures. In the laboratory, acclimation temperature appeared to have a stronger effect on CTmax than it did in the wild. The fish in the wild also had a 0.85–1.01°C lower CTmax compared to all laboratory populations. This difference between laboratory-held and wild populations shows that environmental conditions can affect zebrafish’s thermal tolerance. However, there was no difference in CTmax between the laboratory-held populations regardless of the domestication duration. This suggests that thermal tolerance is maintained during domestication and highlights that experiments using domesticated laboratory-reared model species can be appropriate for addressing certain questions on thermal tolerance and global warming impacts.

scholarly journals Incubation temperatures, hatching success and congenital anomalies in green turtle nests from Guanahacabibes Peninsula, Cuba

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
Randy Calderón Peña ◽  
Julia Azanza Ricardo
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Green Turtle ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Chelonia Mydas ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
Green Turtles ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Elevated incubation temperatures of sea turtle nests decrease hatching success and alter the resulting hatchlings' morphology. There is an absence of studies assessing the relationships between temperature and hatching success in Cuba, even when they could improve understanding the limits of thermal tolerance in these species. This study evaluated the influence of incubation temperature on hatching success and phenotypic malformations in green turtle hatchlings (Chelonia mydas); and analyzed the temporal variation in hatching success on the studied beaches. In 48 green turtles nests distributed along two beaches, incubation temperature and hatching success were recorded between 2014 and 2019. Increasing incubation temperature caused a decrease in the hatching success and an increase in the frequency of supernumerary scutes. Despite the elevated temperatures (average > 30°C), hatching was higher than 80%. Significant differences in hatching success were only observed among seasons for nests in Antonio Beach (lower values in 2016 and 2019 compared to 2014).

scholarly journals Molecular biodiversity under ocean warming: proteomics and fitness data provide clues for a better understanding of thermal tolerance in fish

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Madeira ◽  
José Eduardo Araújo ◽  
Rui Vitorino ◽  
Pedro Costa ◽  
Catarina Vinagre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Sparus Aurata ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Ocean Warming ◽  
Cellular Stress Response ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Nursery Ground

Ocean warming is known to alter the performance of marine organisms albeit the proteome underpinnings of thermal tolerance are still largely unknown. Following a 1-month exposure to elevated temperatures we assessed the vulnerability of the proteome in the sea bream Sparus aurata to ocean warming. Fish were exposed to 18°C (control), 24°C (nursery ground) and 30 °C (heat wave year 2100). Survival was impaired after 28 days, mainly at 30°C although fishes’ condition was unaltered. Protein expression profiles (assessed at 14 and 21 days) were similar between fish exposed to 18 and 24ºC, differing substantially from fish exposed to 30ºC. Fish subjected to 24ºC showed enhanced glycolysis and decreased glycogenolysis mainly at 14 days of exposure. Fish subjected to 30ºC also showed enhanced glycolysis and up-regulated proteins related to gene expression, cellular stress response (CSR), and homeostasis. However, inflammatory processes were elicited at 21 days along with a down-regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Thus, juvenile fish acclimated to 24 but not to 30ºC as a result of increasing physiological constraints associated with metabolic scope available for performance at higher temperatures. Consequently, recruitment of sea breams may be in jeopardy with potential effects on population persistence and distribution.

scholarly journals Molecular biodiversity under ocean warming: proteomics and fitness data provide clues for a better understanding of thermal tolerance in fish

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Madeira ◽  
José Eduardo Araújo ◽  
Rui Vitorino ◽  
Pedro Costa ◽  
Catarina Vinagre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Sparus Aurata ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Ocean Warming ◽  
Cellular Stress Response ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Nursery Ground

Ocean warming is known to alter the performance of marine organisms albeit the proteome underpinnings of thermal tolerance are still largely unknown. Following a 1-month exposure to elevated temperatures we assessed the vulnerability of the proteome in the sea bream Sparus aurata to ocean warming. Fish were exposed to 18°C (control), 24°C (nursery ground) and 30 °C (heat wave year 2100). Survival was impaired after 28 days, mainly at 30°C although fishes’ condition was unaltered. Protein expression profiles (assessed at 14 and 21 days) were similar between fish exposed to 18 and 24ºC, differing substantially from fish exposed to 30ºC. Fish subjected to 24ºC showed enhanced glycolysis and decreased glycogenolysis mainly at 14 days of exposure. Fish subjected to 30ºC also showed enhanced glycolysis and up-regulated proteins related to gene expression, cellular stress response (CSR), and homeostasis. However, inflammatory processes were elicited at 21 days along with a down-regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Thus, juvenile fish acclimated to 24 but not to 30ºC as a result of increasing physiological constraints associated with metabolic scope available for performance at higher temperatures. Consequently, recruitment of sea breams may be in jeopardy with potential effects on population persistence and distribution.

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