Activity Patterns and Energetics of the Moth, Hyalophora Cecropia

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-627
Author(s):  
JAMES L. HANEGAN ◽  
JAMES EDWARD HEATH
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Hyalophora Cecropia ◽  
Metabolic Expenditure ◽  
Maintenance Metabolism

1. The time of activity and the duration of active periods (flight) of moths of the species Hyalophora cecropia has been determined by monitoring thoracic temperature. 2. The metabolic cost of flight per day and per adult life has been determined directly by measuring O2 consumption and indirectly by analysis of cooling curves of individual moths. 3. An energy balance sheet has been derived which gives the metabolic cost of flight and maintenance (during torpor) over the insect's adult life. 4. The metabolic stores mobilized for daily activity appear to be fixed and independent of air temperature. This mobilization of fat stores may be under hormonal control. 5. It is metabolically more expensive for moths to be active at low air temperatures. The number and duration of active periods at low air temperatures is reduced, but, the metabolic expenditure for activity is equal to that of animals held at higher air temperatures. 6. Females have a smaller total energy reserve than males. The number of active periods per day is not significantly different between the sexes at any given temperature, but in females the active periods are significantly shorter in duration. 7. The flight speed has been determined, and estimates of the flight range per day and per adult life have been calculated. 8. The ecology of H. cecropia has been discussed with respect to the timing and duration of active periods, the range and speed of flight, and the energetic cost of flight and maintenance metabolism.

The effects of intensity on the energetics of brief locomotor activity

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (22) ◽  
pp. 3081-3087 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.J. Baker ◽  
T.T. Gleeson
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Unit Distance ◽  
Metabolic Expenditure ◽  
Intensity Of Exercise ◽  
Inclusive Analysis

The energetic costs associated with locomotion are often estimated only from the energy expended during activity and do not include the costs incurred during recovery. For some types of locomotion, this method overlooks important aspects of the metabolic costs incurred as a result of the activity. These estimates for energetic cost have also been predicted from long-duration, low-intensity activities that do not necessarily reflect all the behavior patterns utilized by animals in nature. We have investigated the effects of different activity intensities on the metabolic expenditure (per unit distance traveled) associated with brief exercise, and offer a more inclusive analysis of how the energetics of short-duration activities might be analyzed to estimate the costs to the animal. Mice ran on a treadmill for 15 or 60 s at 25 %, 50 % or 100 % of maximum aerobic speed (MAS) while enclosed in an open-flow respirometry system. Following the run, each mouse was allowed to recover while remaining enclosed in the respirometry chamber. Excess exercise oxygen consumption (EEOC), the excess volume of oxygen consumed during the exercise period, increased with the duration and increased linearly with the intensity of exercise. In contrast, the volume of oxygen consumed during the recovery period, or excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), was independent of exercise intensity and duration and accounted for more than 90 % of the total metabolic cost. The net cost of activity (C(act)), calculated by summing EEOC and EPOC and then dividing by the distance run, increased as both activity duration and intensity decreased. The values for C(act) ranged from 553 ml O(2)g(−)(1)km(−)(1) for a 15 s run at 25 % MAS to 43 ml O(2)g(−)(1)km(−)(1) for a 60 s run at 100 % MAS. Combining these data with data from a companion paper, we conclude (1) that EPOC is independent of both the duration and intensity of activity when exercise duration is brief in mice, (2) that EPOC accounts for a majority of the oxygen consumed as a result of the activity when exercise durations are short, and (3) that animals can minimize their energy expenditure per unit distance by running faster for a longer period.

scholarly journals Elastic energy savings and active energy cost in a simple model of running

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. e1009608
Author(s):  
Ryan T. Schroeder ◽  
Arthur D. Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Mass Model ◽  
Human Running

The energetic economy of running benefits from tendon and other tissues that store and return elastic energy, thus saving muscles from costly mechanical work. The classic “Spring-mass” computational model successfully explains the forces, displacements and mechanical power of running, as the outcome of dynamical interactions between the body center of mass and a purely elastic spring for the leg. However, the Spring-mass model does not include active muscles and cannot explain the metabolic energy cost of running, whether on level ground or on a slope. Here we add explicit actuation and dissipation to the Spring-mass model, and show how they explain substantial active (and thus costly) work during human running, and much of the associated energetic cost. Dissipation is modeled as modest energy losses (5% of total mechanical energy for running at 3 m s-1) from hysteresis and foot-ground collisions, that must be restored by active work each step. Even with substantial elastic energy return (59% of positive work, comparable to empirical observations), the active work could account for most of the metabolic cost of human running (about 68%, assuming human-like muscle efficiency). We also introduce a previously unappreciated energetic cost for rapid production of force, that helps explain the relatively smooth ground reaction forces of running, and why muscles might also actively perform negative work. With both work and rapid force costs, the model reproduces the energetics of human running at a range of speeds on level ground and on slopes. Although elastic return is key to energy savings, there are still losses that require restorative muscle work, which can cost substantial energy during running.

THE ENERGETIC COSTS OF CALLING IN THE BUSHCRICKET REQUENA VERTICALIS (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE: LISTROSCELIDINAE)

1993 ◽  
Vol 178 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bailey ◽  
P. C. Withers ◽  
M. Endersby ◽  
K. Gaull
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Acoustic Power ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Metabolic Costs ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels ◽  
The Relationship

1. The metabolic costs of calling for male Requena verticalis Walker (Tettigoniidae: Listroscelidinae) were measured by direct recordings of oxygen consumption. The acoustic power output was measured by sound pressure levels around the calling bushcricket. 2. The average metabolic cost of calling was 0.143 ml g-1 h-1 but depended on calling rate. The net metabolic cost of calling per unit call, the syllable, was calculated to be 4.34×10-6+/−8.3×10-7 ml O2 syllable-1 g-1 body mass (s.e.) from the slope of the relationship between total V(dot)O2 and rate of syllable production. The resting V(dot)O2, calculated as the intercept of the relationship, was 0.248 ml O2 g-1 body mass h-1. 3. The energetic cost of calling for R. verticalis (average mass 0.37 g) was estimated at 31.85×10-6 J syllable-1. 4. Sound pressure levels were measured around calling insects. The surface area of a sphere of uniform sound pressure level [83 dB SPL root mean square (RMS) acoustic power] obtained by these measurements was used to calculate acoustic power. This was 0.20 mW. 5. The metabolic efficiency of calling, based on total metabolic energy utilisation, was 6.4 %. However, we propose that the mechanical efficiency for acoustic transmission is closer to 57 %, since only about 10 % of muscle metabolic energy is apparently available for sound production. 6. R. verticalis emits chirps formed of several syllables within which are discrete sound pulses. Wing stroke rates, when the insect is calling at its maximal rate, were approximately 583 min-1. This is slow compared to the rates observed in conehead tettigoniids, the only other group of bushcrickets where metabolic costs have been measured. The thoracic temperatures of males that had been calling for 5 min were not significantly different from those of non-calling males. 7. For R. verticalis, calling with relatively slow syllable rates may reduce the total cost of calling, and this may be a compensatory mechanism for their other high energetic cost of mating (a large spermatophylax).

Maturation of muscle properties and its hormonal control in an adult insect

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (20) ◽  
pp. 3531-3545
Author(s):  
Uwe Rose ◽  
Michael Ferber ◽  
Reinhold Hustert
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Cross Sectional

SUMMARY The oviposition of female locusts requires longitudinal muscles to tolerate remarkable lengthening. Whether this ability together with concomitant properties develops during maturation or is present throughout life was investigated. The properties of the locust abdominal muscles involved in oviposition behaviour were investigated with respect to their maturation, segment- and gender-specificity and regulation by juvenile hormone (JH). Muscles from the sixth abdominal segment (an oviposition segment) of mature females (>18 days old) were able to tolerate large extensions (>8 mm). At this length, muscles were still able to generate considerable neurally evoked twitch tension. In contrast, muscle fibres from females less than 5 days old did not tolerate extension of more than 4 mm. At this length, tension generation was negligible. The maximum tension generated at different stimulus frequencies was significantly higher in muscles of females more than 18 days old than in females less than 5 days old. Furthermore, the cross-sectional area of muscle fibres increased significantly during reproductive development. Current-clamp recordings from denervated muscle fibres of females more than 18 days old revealed their ability to generate overshooting action potentials. The potentials were tetrodotoxin (TTX)-insensitive (0.5 μmol l–1 TTX), but were blocked by Cd2+ (50 μmol l–1) or nifedipine (50 μmol l–1), which suggests the involvement of L-type Ca2+ channels. Action potentials recorded from females less than 5 days old differed considerably in amplitude and shape from those recorded from females more than 18 days old, suggesting their maturation during the first 2 weeks of adult life. Inactivation of the corpora allata (CA) by precocene inhibited the maturation of these muscle properties, whereas injection of JH into precocene-treated females reversed this effect. Homologous muscles from the third abdominal segment (a non-oviposition segment, M169) and muscles from males (M214) revealed no comparable changes, although some minor changes occurred during reproductive development. The results suggest a gender- and segment-specific maturation of muscle properties that is related to reproductive behaviour and controlled by JH.

scholarly journals Multi-objective control in human walking: insight gained through simultaneous degradation of energetic and motor regulation systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (158) ◽  
pp. 20190227
Author(s):  
Kirsty A. McDonald ◽  
Joseph P. Cusumano ◽  
Peter Peeling ◽  
Jonas Rubenson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Minimization ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Speed Regulation ◽  
Speed Error ◽  
Objective Control ◽  
Error Regulation

Minimization of metabolic energy is considered a fundamental principle of human locomotion, as demonstrated by an alignment between the preferred walking speed (PWS) and the speed incurring the lowest metabolic cost of transport. We aimed to (i) simultaneously disrupt metabolic cost and an alternate acute task requirement, namely speed error regulation, and (ii) assess whether the PWS could be explained on the basis of either optimality criterion in this new performance and energetic landscape. Healthy adults ( N = 21) walked on an instrumented treadmill under normal conditions and, while negotiating a continuous gait perturbation, imposed leg-length asymmetry. Oxygen consumption, motion capture data and ground reaction forces were continuously recorded for each condition at speeds ranging from 0.6 to 1.8 m s −1 , including the PWS. Both metabolic and speed regulation measures were disrupted by the perturbation ( p < 0.05). Perturbed PWS selection did not exhibit energetic prioritization (although we find some indication of energy minimization after motor adaptation). Similarly, PWS selection did not support prioritization of speed error regulation, which was found to be independent of speed in both conditions. It appears that, during acute exposure to a mechanical gait perturbation of imposed leg-length asymmetry, humans minimize neither energetic cost nor speed regulation errors. Despite the abundance of evidence pointing to energy minimization during normal, steady-state gait, this may not extend acutely to perturbed gait. Understanding how the nervous system acutely controls gait perturbations requires further research that embraces multi-objective control paradigms.

Activity-related constraints on overwintering young-of-the-year striped bass (Morone saxatilis)

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P Hurst ◽  
David O Conover
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Striped Bass ◽  
Morone Saxatilis ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Hudson River ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Thermal Dependence ◽  
Young Of The Year

The importance of activity to overwintering fishes has received little attention. Activity imposes two constraints: maximum swimming speed limits habitats that can be occupied for short periods of time, while the metabolic cost of swimming limits the habitats that are suitable for long-term residence. We measured the energetic consequences of activity and maximum swimming speeds of young-of-the-year striped bass (Morone saxatilis), a species that overwinters in tidal estuaries. The energetic cost of swimming was determined from energy changes in unfed fish forced to swim at various speeds, while energy changes in fed fish provided a measure of their ability to offset swimming costs through feeding. In high-velocity treatments, mortality was size-dependent and appeared to be related to fatigue rather than to depletion of energy reserves. The energetic cost of swimming increased with swimming velocity, but fish increased food consumption and thereby met their metabolic needs. In a second experiment the thermal dependence of swimming capacity in winter-acclimated striped bass was measured. Swimming speeds increased with temperature, from 2.7 body lengths (BL)/s at 2°C to 4.8 BL/s at 8 and 11°C, but were considerably below observed flow velocities in the Hudson River, suggesting a need for behavioral or physical refuge from tidal currents. These results indicate the flexibility of energy budgets of overwintering fishes, allowing energetic stress to be minimized by reducing activity or elevating food-consumption rates when sufficient prey are available.

scholarly journals The rising cost of warming waters: effects of temperature on the cost of swimming in fishes

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Hein ◽  
Katrina J. Keirsted
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
The Cost

Understanding the effects of water temperature on the swimming performance of fishes is central in understanding how fish species will respond to global climate change. Metabolic cost of transport (COT)—a measure of the energy required to swim a given distance—is a key performance parameter linked to many aspects of fish life history. We develop a quantitative model to predict the effect of water temperature on COT. The model facilitates comparisons among species that differ in body size by incorporating the body mass-dependence of COT. Data from 22 fish species support the temperature and mass dependencies of COT predicted by our model, and demonstrate that modest differences in water temperature can result in substantial differences in the energetic cost of swimming.

Walking Speed at Self-Selected Exercise Pace Is Lower but Energy Cost Higher in Older Versus Younger Women

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynnette M. Jones ◽  
Debra L. Waters ◽  
Michael Legge
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Energy Equivalent ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Exercise Modality ◽  
Walking Speeds

Background:Walking is usually undertaken at a speed that coincides with the lowest metabolic cost. Aging however, alters the speed–cost relationship, as preferred walking speeds decrease and energy costs increase. It is unclear to what extent this relationship is affected when older women undertake walking as an exercise modality. The aim of this study was to compare the energetic cost of walking at a self-selected exercise pace for 30 min in older and younger women.Methods:The energetic cost of walking was assessed using the energy equivalent of oxygen consumption measured in 18 young (25 to 49 y) and 20 older (50 to 79 y) women who were asked to walk at their “normal” exercise pace on a motorized treadmill for 30 min.Results:The mass-specific net cost of walking (Cw) was 15% higher and self-selected walking speed was 23% lower in the older women than in the younger group. When speed was held constant, the Cw was 0.30 (J · .kg−1 · m−1) higher in the older women.Conclusions:Preferred exercise pace incurs a higher metabolic cost in older women and needs be taken into consideration when recommending walking as an exercise modality.

The chemical acceleration of the maturation process and its hormonal control in the male of the desert locust

1961 ◽  
Vol 153 (952) ◽  
pp. 380-397 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Desert Locust ◽  
Maturation Process ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Lipophilic Substance ◽  
Combined Action

The gregarious male of the desert locust shows a characteristic colour change during adult life; it is light brown and pink when immature, and bright yellow when mature. A mature, yellow male is able to accelerate the maturation process of young locusts by secreting a volatile substance which is produced in the epidermis and transmitted to the recipients by olfaction through the antennae and by contact over the body surface. The presence of this lipophilic substance is indicated by a vibration reaction, in which antennae, palpi and hind femora take part (Loher 1959). The volatile material can be extracted and preserved in oil and fat solvents. Extirpation and implantation of the corpora allata have demonstrated that in the male these endocrine glands are in control of sexual maturation and some associated processes, such as the production of the epidermal secretory substance, the colour change, the development of the accessory glands and the acceleration of maturation which results from wounding. The possibilities of combined action between the corpora allata and the epidermal secretory substance are discussed.

scholarly journals A Rotating Respirometer to Monitor Voluntary Activity and Associated Exchange of Respiratory Gases in the Land Hermit Crab (Coenobita Compressus)

1985 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-101
Author(s):  
MICHÉLE G. WHEATLY ◽  
BRIAN R. MCMAHON ◽  
WARREN W. BURGGREN ◽  
ALAN W. PINDER
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Hermit Crab ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Comparable Activity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Respiratory Gases

A rotating respirometer was designed which enabled respiratory gas exchange in the land hermit crab Coenobita compressus to be correlated with voluntary submaximal sustained pedestrian activity. In the laboratory, crabs remained spontaneously active for up to 150 min, maintaining velocities of 0.6cm s−1. Comparable activity patterns were observed in the field. Quiescent O2 uptake (MOO2) increased logarithmically as a function of load rating of the adopted molluscan shell. Steady-state MOO2 and MCOCO2 were measured after 30 min of spontaneous activity and both increased linearly with velocity. There was good correspondence between Y-intercept values and those measured in inactive crabs. At the mean locomotory speed, MOO2 and MCOCO2 were increased 3.4-fold and 2.6-fold respectively above settled rates. Minimum and gross energetic cost of transport were estimated and compared with values in the literature. MOO2 and MCOCO2 returned to settled levels within the first hour of recovery. The activity profile and concomitant changes in gas exchange are discussed in the context of acquisition of the shell-dwelling habit.

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