Computer aided assessment and optimization of catalyst fast light-off techniques

1997 ◽  
Vol 211 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Konstantinidis ◽  
G. C. Koltsakis ◽  
A. M. Stamatelos
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Test Case ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Computational Tools ◽  
Car Industry ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Fast Light

Strict future legislation standards are forcing the car industry to employ new techniques for reducing exhaust gas emissions. Most of these techniques focus on accelerating the appearance of catalyst light-off and are thus called fast light-off techniques (FLTs). Optimized exhaust systems comprising FLTs will be able to meet the forthcoming legislation standards for the United States [low emissions vehicle (LEV) and ultra-low emissions vehicle (ULEV)] and the European Union (Stage III). The most promising active and passive FLT systems are briefly reviewed. Computer aided optimization of such systems can be realized with the help of specific computational tools, which are briefly presented in this paper, and according to a concept optimization methodology, which is also discussed. The results indicate an increased sensitivity of FLT systems’ performance over the selected values of certain design and operating parameters that were featured in the examples presented. Moreover, by comparing the computational results with knowledge gained from experiments and testing, the paper indicates that, given the suitable computational tools, the optimization procedure can take place in a most cost-effective manner by substituting many experiments with computer test case runs.

European Strategic Autonomy: The Test Case of Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-477
Author(s):  
Sascha Lohmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Test Case ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Special Purpose Vehicle ◽  
The Face ◽  
Global Peace ◽  
Security Actor ◽  
Strategic Autonomy

Abstract The ideal of the European Union (EU) as a global peace and security actor is increasingly clashing with the reality of a multipolar world defined by militarised conflict, and a loosening of the formerly close trans-Atlantic relationship with the United States. European policy-makers have identified strategic autonomy as a possible remedy in the face of a growing number of internal and external security threats. This paper adds to the conceptualisation of strategic autonomy by contextualising its current usage and political genealogy. Empirically, European strategic autonomy is examined concerning the efforts to preserve the Iranian nuclear deal after the Trump administration had ceased US participation in May 2018. In particular, the paper assesses the European response to counter the re-imposed unilateral United States (US) sanctions against European individuals and entities by updating the so-called blocking regulation, and setting up a special purpose vehicle (spv) for facilitating trade with Iran. The results show that the European struggle toward achieving strategic autonomy has largely failed, but that it holds valuable lessons to approximate this ideal in the future.

A Tool for Designing Policy Packages To Achieve India’s Climate Targets: Methods, Data, and Reference Scenario of the India Energy Policy Simulator

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepthi Swamy ◽  
Apurba Mitra ◽  
Varun Agarwal ◽  
Megan Mahajan ◽  
Robbie Orvis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Policy ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Climate Targets ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Business As Usual

India is currently the world’s third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs) after China and the United States and is set to experience continued growth in its population, economy, and energy consumption. Exploring low-carbon development pathways for India is therefore crucial for achieving the goal of global decarbonization. India has pledged to reduce the emission intensity of its gross domestic product (GDP) by 33–35 per cent relative to 2005 levels by 2030 through its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), among other related targets for the renewable energy and forestry sectors. Further, countries, including India, are expected to respond to the invitation of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Paris Agreement to communicate new or updated NDCs with enhanced ambition and long-term low-GHG development strategies for 2050. To design effective policy packages to support the planning and achievement of such climate targets, policymakers need to identify policies that can reduce GHG emissions in a timely and cost-effective manner, while meeting development-related and other national objectives. The India Energy Policy Simulator (India EPS), an open-source, system dynamics model, can enable an integrated quantitative assessment of different cross-sectoral climate policy packages for India through 2050 and their implications for key variables of interest such as emissions, GDP, and jobs. The tool was developed by Energy Innovation LLC and adapted for India in partnership with World Resources Institute. It is available for open access through a Web interface as well as a downloadable application. This technical note describes the structure, input data sources, assumptions, and limitations of the India EPS, as well as the setup and key results of its reference scenario, referred to as the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario in the model. It is intended as an update to the first technical note on the India EPS (Mangan et al. 2019) and accounts for the changes incorporated into the model since the first version.

Why Carbon Pricing Is Appealing

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Barry G. Rabe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Excise Taxes ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Direct Tax

The use of taxes to elevate the price of popular commodities in order to reduce consumption and risks related to use did not originate with carbon taxes. Excise taxes on tobacco have been used aggressively by governments in the United States and beyond in recent decades to achieve significant reductions in smoking. Fossil fuel use has long been deemed by diverse economists as a viable target for a sequel, leading to innumerable reports and scholarly arguments making the case for a carbon price. This can take the form of either a direct tax on the carbon content of fossil fuels or a cap-and-trade system that allows for purchase of rights to release emissions at a price. Both are thought to offer effective paths to reduce emissions in a cost-effective manner.

scholarly journals Investing in Natural and Nature-Based Infrastructure: Building Better Along Our Coasts

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariana Sutton-Grier ◽  
Rachel Gittman ◽  
Katie Arkema ◽  
Richard Bennett ◽  
Jeff Benoit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Safety ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Economic Wealth ◽  
Effective Manner

Much of the United States’ critical infrastructure is either aging or requires significant repair, leaving U.S. communities and the economy vulnerable. Outdated and dilapidated infrastructure places coastal communities, in particular, at risk from the increasingly frequent and intense coastal storm events and rising sea levels. Therefore, investments in coastal infrastructure are urgently needed to ensure community safety and prosperity; however, these investments should not jeopardize the ecosystems and natural resources that underlie economic wealth and human well-being. Over the past 50 years, efforts have been made to integrate built infrastructure with natural landscape features, often termed “green” infrastructure, in order to sustain and restore valuable ecosystem functions and services. For example, significant advances have been made in implementing green infrastructure approaches for stormwater management, wastewater treatment, and drinking water conservation and delivery. However, the implementation of natural and nature-based infrastructure (NNBI) aimed at flood prevention and coastal erosion protection is lagging. There is an opportunity now, as the U.S. government reacts to the recent, unprecedented flooding and hurricane damage and considers greater infrastructure investments, to incorporate NNBI into coastal infrastructure projects. Doing so will increase resilience and provide critical services to local communities in a cost-effective manner and thereby help to sustain a growing economy.

Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis Clinical Practice Guidelines

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 480 ◽  
Author(s):  
_ _
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mammographic Screening ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Recent Version

The lifetime risk of a woman developing breast cancer has increased over the past 5 years in the United States: of every 7 women, 1 is at risk based on a life expectancy of 85 years. An estimated 214,640 new cases (212,920 women and 1,720 men) of breast cancer and 41,430 deaths (40,970 women and 460 men) from this disease will occur in the United States in 2006. However, mortality from breast cancer has decreased slightly, attributed partly to mammographic screening. Early detection and accurate diagnosis made in a cost-effective manner are critical to a continued reduction in mortality. These practice guidelines are designed to facilitate clinical decision making. For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org

scholarly journals Investigation of heat loss of nodal connections of structures of energy -efficient "green" buildings

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
Mark Berdnykov ◽  
Svetlana Shekhorkina ◽  
Marina Bordun
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Construction Operation ◽  
Traditional Construction ◽  
The Impact

The construction industry is the main consumer of natural resources, characterized by significant consumption of non-renewable resources and the impact on environmental pollution. Up to 50% of carbon dioxide emissions are accounted for by the construction industry. In addition, the main feature of the traditional construction industry is the overuse of energy, which affects the process of global warming and climate change. Energy is consumed in the extraction of raw materials, production and transportation of materials, in the process of construction, operation, repair and liquidation of buildings. Awareness of global environmental problems has led to a rethinking of the process of design, construction, operation and disposal of buildings in the European Union, the United States, Canada and others and the emergence of the concept of sustainable development and "green" construction. In this aspect, the main criteria for designing buildings are to minimize the impact on the environment, as well as reduce energy costs, reduce waste and harmful emissions. The solution of the above problems, taking into account national specifics, can be achieved by developing typical resource- and energy-efficient, cost-effective design solutions for load-bearing and enclosing elements and their joints using environmentally friendly materials of local origin (wood and materials based on it, clay materials, straw, reeds, etc.

The Development and Validation of a Computer Aided Method for Design Evaluation of Tracked Vehicles with Rigid Links

1994 ◽  
Vol 208 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Gao ◽  
J Y Wong
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
New Products ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Design Evaluation ◽  
Tracked Vehicles ◽  
Military Vehicles ◽  
Ground Pressure ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Basic Features

In the past decade, a computer aided method for design evaluation of high-speed tracked vehicles with flexible tracks (or tracks with relatively short track pitch commonly in use in tracked transport vehicles and military vehicles) has been developed. It has been successfully used in assisting vehicle manufacturers in the development of new products and governmental agencies in the selection of vehicle candidates. For low-speed tracked vehicles commonly in use in agriculture, construction and logging, rigid tracks with relatively long track pitch are employed to achieve a more uniform ground pressure distribution. To assist manufacturers of this type of vehicle to expedite the development of new products in a cost effective manner, a computer aided method for design evaluation of tracked vehicles with rigid links has recently been developed. It treats the track as a system of interconnected rigid links and takes into account the characteristics of the interaction between track links and deformable terrain. The basic features of the method have been verified by field test data. The method can be an extremely useful tool for the engineer to optimize vehicle design and for the procurement manager to select appropriate vehicle candidates to meet specific operating requirements.

Why Carbon Pricing Has Often Failed

2018 ◽  
pp. 37-82
Author(s):  
Barry G. Rabe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carbon Pricing ◽  
Leadership And Management ◽  
Effective Manner

This chapter examines nearly two decades of experience (1997-2015) in federal and sub-federal governments in the United States and Canada but also European and Asian nations in attempting to adopt carbon pricing. It explores various stages of the policy life-cycle and concludes that there are many points that challenge the adoption and durability of these policies. Even in cases where a policy is approved, its launch process, survival through a subsequent election and change of leadership, and management over the longer term can pose great challenges, frequently resulting in an erosion of support and reversal of policy. Enduring those stages of the life cycle is no guarantee that a surviving policy actually succeeds in reducing emissions in a cost-effective manner.

Thermal-Mechanical Analysis of Annular Target Design for High Volume Production of Molybdenum-99 Using Low-Enriched Uranium

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyler K. Turner ◽  
Gary L. Solbrekken ◽  
Charlie W. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Contact Resistance ◽  
Thermal Contact Resistance ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Thermal Contact ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Volume ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Enriched Uranium

Techenetium-99m is a diagnostic radioactive medical isotope that is currently used 30,000 times a day in the United States. All supplies of techenetium-99m’s parent isotope molybdenum-99 currently originate from nuclear reactor facilities located in foreign countries and use highly enriched uranium (HEU). In accordance with the Global Threat Reduction Initiative all uranium used in future molybdenum-99 production will use low enriched uranium (LEU). A design approach to using LEU in a cost-effective manner is to use a target that is based on LEU foil. A potential failure mode for the LEU foil based target is temperature excursion during irradiation due to poor thermal contact between the foil and the target cladding. The purpose of this study is to establish the theoretical basis for experimentally measuring the thermal contact resistance. Replicating in service heating conditions is nearly impossible when testing the thermal contact resistance as part of a study to establish LEU foil warpage tolerances, thus it is necessary to establish an alternate heating configuration that will allow a conservative estimate of the contact resistance. Thermal and mechanical analysis suggests that external heating of an annular target will place the interface into a state that will over-estimate the contact resistance relative to use conditions. Further, the magnitude of the heat load used for testing can be adjusted to control the degree of overestimation.

The Revision of the European Union’s Emissions Trading System Ahead of the Fourth Trading Period, 2021–2030

Climate Law ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 338-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Prentice
Keyword(s):  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Eu Ets ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Trading Period ◽  
Final Agreement

The EU ETS is the cornerstone of the European Union’s climate policy. The EU ETS will play a decisive role in the European Union plan to meet its commitments under the Paris Agreement. In November 2017, following more than two years of negotiations, EU member states and the European Parliament reached a final agreement on the revision of the EU ETS for the period 2021–2030. The final agreement struck an important, ambitious balance on a number of measures designed to ensure that the EU ETS achieves its legislative aims of promoting emission reductions in a cost-effective manner. The negotiations also provide a number of policy lessons for future negotiations relating to the role of EU institutions and the rules for free allocation which will be important for the EU ETS to meet its legislative objectives. 1

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