scholarly journals A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1091-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Goldin
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Temporal Flexibility ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gender Convergence

The converging roles of men and women are among the grandest advances in society and the economy in the last century. These aspects of the grand gender convergence are figurative chapters in a history of gender roles. But what must the “last” chapter contain for there to be equality in the labor market? The answer may come as a surprise. The solution does not (necessarily) have to involve government intervention and it need not make men more responsible in the home (although that wouldn't hurt). But it must involve changes in the labor market, especially how jobs are structured and remunerated to enhance temporal flexibility. The gender gap in pay would be considerably reduced and might vanish altogether if firms did not have an incentive to disproportionately reward individuals who labored long hours and worked particular hours. Such change has taken off in various sectors, such as technology, science, and health, but is less apparent in the corporate, financial, and legal worlds. (JEL J3, J16, J22, J24, J31, J33, N3)

Gender Gap in Skill Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Anjuli Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Women And Girls

Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls is one of the 17 goals of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Unfortunately, gender inequality practices still occur in nearly all fields of development; one of which is the skill development. The India Skills Report 2017 highlighted the gap between men and women in gaining employment across all sectors. This chapter analyzes gender gap in skill development, identifies challenges of gender stereotyped labor market, assesses government programs for skill development, and suggests remedial measures to fill the gender gap in skill development. The chapter uses secondary sources like India Skill Report, Gender Gap Report, World Economic Forum, and UNDP reports related to skill development focusing on gender gaps. The chapter gives a clear understanding of gender gap, skill development, and the challenges faced by women in a gender stereotyped labor market. The chapter ends by suggesting measures to fill these gaps.

The Call to Preach

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-48
Author(s):  
Donna Giver-Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Significant Issue ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women Preachers ◽  
Ecclesiastical Authority ◽  
History Of Preaching ◽  
History Of ◽  
Feminist Hermeneutics

Chapter 1 defines the call to preach as containing two aspects, inward and outward, and identifies a gender gap or difference in how men and women can claim their call to preach. By identifying the central problem of gender inequality, this chapter establishes the fundamental concern of this book as a significant issue of patriarchy and ecclesiastical authority. Next, the chapter reviews relevant scholarship in homiletics and history of preaching to contextualize this issue. Drawing on social theorists, obstacles are identified and defined that have formed and maintained the dominant narrative limiting women preachers and their voice and agency. Utilizing feminist hermeneutics, this chapter argues that the historical women preachers of this work and their power of resistance still hold valuable lessons for people struggling to claim their call to preach today.

scholarly journals Rodové rozdiely v preferenciách jednotlivých atribútov práce od roku 1991

2020 ◽  
pp. 224-233
Author(s):  
Alexandra Matejková
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Family Care ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
European Values ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Individual

Changing gender roles and the rise of paid jobs for women in the second half of the twentieth century affects not only the labour market but family life as well. The aim of the paper is to capture the differences in the opinions of men and women about the individual characteristics of work / job attributes . Two mechanisms are traditionally provided to explain gender-based differences in career preferences: a) different gender-based socialization creating a contrast between gender roles of men and women and b) the position of women in the labor market in the existing social structure. According to the model of gender socialization, men are considered to be the breadwinners, while the main role of women mostly refers to the care of children and household. Therefore, we expect that the characteristics that represent the material conditions will be of key importance for men. On the contrary, the most important characteristics for women will be the features enabling to combine work with family care related duties. The model of social structure expects the existing gender-based differences in the preferences of individual characteristics of work to reflect the differences between men and women in the labor market as well as their structural positions and their approach to the rewarding system in the workplace. Our analysis based on the European Values Study (waves 1991 - 2017) finds only minimal differences in job attribute preferences among men and women. The notion of women not willing to put as much effort into work as “the breadwinners” due to other priorities therefore seems to refer to a rather outdated gender stereotype.

The gender gap in pre-career salary expectations: a test of five explanations

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Schweitzer ◽  
Sean Lyons ◽  
Lisa K.J. Kuron ◽  
Eddy S.W. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Work Values ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Salary Expectations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the gender gap in pre-career salary expectations. Five major explanations are tested to explain the gap, as well as understand the relative contribution of each explanation. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 452 post-secondary students from Canada. Findings – Young women had lower initial and peak salary expectations than their male counterparts. The gap in peak salary could be explained by initial salary expectations, beta values, the interaction between beta values and gender, and estimations of the value of the labor market. Men and women in this study expected to earn a considerably larger peak salary than they expected for others. Research limitations/implications – Cross-sectional data cannot infer causality, and the Canadian sample may not be generalizable to other countries given that an economic downturn occurred at time of data collection. Research should continue to investigate how individuals establish initial salary expectations, while also testing more dynamic models given the interaction effect found in terms of gender and work values in explaining salary expectations. Practical implications – The majority of the gender gap in peak salary expectations can be explained by what men and women expect to earn immediately after graduation. Further, women and men have different perceptions of the value they attribute to the labor market and what might be a fair wage, especially when considering beta work values. Social implications – The data suggests that the gender-wage gap is likely to continue and that both young men and women would benefit from greater education and information with respect to the labor market and what they can reasonably expect to earn, not just initially, but from a long-term perspective. Originality/value – This study is the first to simultaneously investigate five theoretical explanations for the gender gap in pre-career expectations.

scholarly journals THE FEMINIST ORIGINS OF THE MIDLIFE CRISIS

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSANNE SCHMIDT
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Midlife Crisis ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Hierarchies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
First Time

AbstractThis article tells the history of the midlife crisis, for the first time. Today, the idea of midlife crisis conjures up images of male indulgence and irresponsibility, but it was first successfully promoted as a feminist concept that applied to men and women equally and described the dissolution of gender roles at the onset of middle age. Although the term was coined by the psychologist Elliott Jaques in the 1950s, it only came into general use two decades later with journalist Gail Sheehy's bestselling Passages (1976), as a concept that relied on older understandings of middle age as a welcome ‘release’ from motherhood and domesticity. The feminist origins of the midlife crisis suggest, first, that journalistic publishing can be more significant for the history of an idea than specialists’ theories, even if those precede it. Secondly and more importantly, it sheds new light on Susan Sontag's classic analysis of the ‘double standard of aging’ by making visible how women used the notion of midlife change to undermine gender hierarchies.

Different Governments, Different Interests: The Gender Gap in Political Interest

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Sánchez-Vítores
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Political Interest ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Proportional Reduction

Abstract In recent decades, differences between men and women have blurred in many social dimensions, including levels of educational attainment or access to the labor market. However, this increase in equality has not been reflected in a proportional reduction in the gender gap in political interest. This paper evaluates the extent of gender differences in political interest regarding different arenas, considering the moderating effect of marriage and caring for others using data from the Citizenship, Involvement, and Democracy Project. Although women generally find local politics more interesting than national politics, family, and caring responsibilities are still a source of disadvantage.

scholarly journals The Transformation of Gender in English-Language Fiction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E Underwood ◽  
David Bamman ◽  
Sabrina Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
English Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gender Divisions ◽  
Eye Opening ◽  
Gender Categories

This essay explores the changing significance of gender in fiction, asking especially whether its prominence in characterization has varied from the end of the eighteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first. We have reached two conclusions, which may seem in tension with each other. The first is that gender divisions between characters have become less sharply marked over the last 170 years. In the middle of the nineteenth century, very different language is used to describe fictional men and women. But that difference weakens steadily as we move forward to the present; the actions and attributes of characters are less clearly sorted into gender categories. On the other hand, we haven't found the same progressive story in the history of authorship. In fact, there is an eye-opening, under-discussed decline in the proportion of fiction actually written by women, which drops by half (from roughly 50% of titles to roughly 25%) as we move from 1850 to 1950. The number of characters who are women or girls also drops. We are confronted with a paradoxical pattern. While gender roles were becoming more flexible, the space actually allotted to (real, and fictional) women on the shelves of libraries was contracting sharply. We explore the evidence for this paradox and suggest a few explanations.

Gender Gaps in the Center versus the Periphery

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nir Atmor ◽  
Chen Friedberg
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
National Election ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Election Studies

Recent evidence from industrialized countries shows that men and women tend to exhibit different voting preferences, with greater proportions of women favoring left-wing parties. This phenomenon, known as the ‘modern gender gap’, has been observed in recent Israeli elections as well. After discussing the history of the ‘traditional gender gap’, the article examines the gender gap in the 2013 and 2015 Israeli elections from a geographical and socio-economic perspective, using Israel National Election Studies (INES) data. We focus on two main hypotheses concerning these elections: first, that the gender gap in voting varies according to the geographic location of voters; second, that the modern gender gap affects voters residing in affluent localities. Our findings indicate that both hypotheses hold for the 2013 election but not for the 2015 election.

scholarly journals The impact of postponing motherhood on women's income in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-92
Author(s):  
Juliana Lopes Andrade ◽  
Marina Silva da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Wage Penalty ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Postponement

This paper investigates the impact of the postponement of motherhood on women’s earnings and gender gap in Brazilian labor market, based on data from Brazilian National Health Survey of 2013. Using the Heckman (1979) approach, the results suggest that postponing motherhood has a positive impact of 1.55% on earnings each year of postponement. By comparing men and women, the results suggest that being a woman generates a wage penalty of approximately 22%, but the postponing of motherhood can eliminate that gender gap, especially for those who are white, yellow, and higher educated.

I’ll Just Stay Home: Employment Inequality Among Parents

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-418
Author(s):  
Lindsay B Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Employment Inequality

AbstractHow does homeownership magnify existing gender disparities in the labor markets of the rich OECD countries? Men and women, and especially mothers and fathers, respond to homeownership differently. Owners work more hours than renters but mothers experience an ownership penalty while fathers solidify their market attachment. Both responses increase the gender gap. As such, governments pursuing dual policy objectives of promoting homeownership and greater gender parity in the labor market will find their policies working at cross-purposes. This paper analyzes the effect of homeownership on labor market attachment and explains why mothers and fathers respond to it in different ways.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document