scholarly journals Rodové rozdiely v preferenciách jednotlivých atribútov práce od roku 1991

2020 ◽  
pp. 224-233
Author(s):  
Alexandra Matejková
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Family Care ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
European Values ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Individual

Changing gender roles and the rise of paid jobs for women in the second half of the twentieth century affects not only the labour market but family life as well. The aim of the paper is to capture the differences in the opinions of men and women about the individual characteristics of work / job attributes . Two mechanisms are traditionally provided to explain gender-based differences in career preferences: a) different gender-based socialization creating a contrast between gender roles of men and women and b) the position of women in the labor market in the existing social structure. According to the model of gender socialization, men are considered to be the breadwinners, while the main role of women mostly refers to the care of children and household. Therefore, we expect that the characteristics that represent the material conditions will be of key importance for men. On the contrary, the most important characteristics for women will be the features enabling to combine work with family care related duties. The model of social structure expects the existing gender-based differences in the preferences of individual characteristics of work to reflect the differences between men and women in the labor market as well as their structural positions and their approach to the rewarding system in the workplace. Our analysis based on the European Values Study (waves 1991 - 2017) finds only minimal differences in job attribute preferences among men and women. The notion of women not willing to put as much effort into work as “the breadwinners” due to other priorities therefore seems to refer to a rather outdated gender stereotype.

scholarly journals Aproximación a los enfoques de género e interseccionalidad: aprendizajes significativos en la interacción de estudiantes universitarios con una comunidad indígena del Ecuador / Approach to Gender and Intersectionality perspectives: Meaningful Learning in the Interaction of University Students with an Indigenous Community in Ecuador

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Alejandra Yepez ◽  
Carolina Cedeño ◽  
Eduardo Granja ◽  
Tarquino Yacelga
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Meaningful Learning ◽  
Community Outreach ◽  
Indigenous Community ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Family ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Estudiantes Universitarios

ABSTRACTUniversidad de Las Américas (UDLA) -Quito, initiated the "Gender roles in the family environment of the El Topo Commune" project, which aims to promote equitable relationships between men and women, and prevent gender-based violence. In addition, the project seeks to expose and act on inequities and social problems of violence. The study focused on evidencing the learning and changes generated in the students as a result of training, sensitization, and interaction with the El Topo indigenous community.  In this context gender, intersectionality, and community outreach and interculturality are combined in the challenge of promoting meaningful learning (action research).RESUMENLa Universidad de las Américas (UDLA)–Quito, inició el proyecto “Roles de género en el entorno familiar de la Comuna El Topo”, cuyo objetivo es promover relaciones equitativas entre hombres y mujeres, y prevenir violencia de género.  Además, se pretende visibilizar y actuar frente a inequidades y problemáticas sociales de violencia. El estudio se enfocó en evidenciar los aprendizajes y cambios generados en las y los estudiantes a partir de la capacitación, sensibilización e interacción con la comunidad indígena El Topo. En este contexto se conjugan género, interseccionalidad, y vinculación comunitaria e interculturalidad bajo el reto de promover aprendizajes significativos (investigación-acción).

scholarly journals Vulnerabilities of Employment Levels in Contemporary Society of Romania

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Diana Elena Şerb ◽  
Camelia Cicioc
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Young People ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Employment Level ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Roma People ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The employment level vulnerability - a subject of interest to specialists, and also lately there is an increasing attention of European organizations in this regard by means of directives and regulations .Vulnerable groups are groups without support. The main groups with a higher risk of being affected by some form of exclusion from the labor market are young people, women, the disabled, the elderly, roma people, rural population. In our country one of the characteristics of democracy is that men and women are equal in rights. Young people are exposed to an endogenous risk that reflects their inexperience and also to exogenous risks related to the fields they’re frequently working in. The purpose of this article is to show that the forms of vulnerability generate economic and social imbalances in both the individual and the country. The working hypothesis of this article is that young people and women are the groups most exposed to vulnerability, and this also influences the employment levels.

EMPLOYMENT OF YOUTH AND OLDER PEOPLE IN THE LABOR MARKET OF THE TYUMEN REGION: ANALYSIS BASED ON MICRODATA

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-178
Author(s):  
Daria Yu. SHMUNK ◽  
Marina A. GILTMAN
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Young People ◽  
Older People ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Federal State ◽  
The Individual

The unfavorable demographic trends of an aging population are leading to a reduction in the size of the labor force and its structural changes. Young people and older people are the most vulnerable applicants for employment in the labor market. The economic behavior of young people and older people is still insufficiently studied at the regional level. This study analyzes the situation within the region. For instance, the Tyumen region without autonomous okrugs was selected, as a region characterized by a stable situation on the labor market with a fairly diversified structure of the economy (therefore, the study did not include the northern autonomous okrugs). Microdata of a sample survey of the labor force of the Federal State Statistics Service were used as a basis for the analysis. Using binary logit models, the probabilities of being employed in the Tyumen region at the age of 20 29 and 55-64 are estimated, taking into account the type of settlement and the individual characteristics of the employee. Estimates are given for the Tyumen region and Russia for 2010, 2015 and 2019.The results showed that the greatest contribution to the probability of employment is made by education (higher, secondary and primary vocational) and young age, which is especially typical for the Tyumen region. Men are more likely to be employed both in the region and in the rest of the country than women. Living in a city in 2010 and 2015 reduced the likelihood of employment in the Tyumen region, in 2019 it increased. For the rest of Russia, the marginal effects (slope coefficients) for the variable of urban residence in all years were small but positive.

Women are the Better Halves: Gender-based Variations in Virtues and Character Strengths

2021 ◽  
pp. 097168582110399
Author(s):  
Waqar Husain
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Character Strengths ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Love Of Learning ◽  
Rating Form ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Virtues And Character Strengths ◽  
Better Than

Several feminists have been arguing on the superiority of women over men. This debate, instead of being biological, revolves around the gender roles and moral characteristics of humans, based on which women have been regarded better than men. The current study supported this claim by involving 620 participants, including men and women. Character Strengths Rating Form (Ruch et al., 2014) was used to obtain data. Women projected significantly higher levels on a variety of character strengths as compared to men. The results revealed that women had significantly higher levels of wisdom, justice, curiosity, love of learning, social intelligence, leadership and appreciation of beauty and excellence. The overall picture confirmed women to be more virtuous than men.

scholarly journals Contextual determinants of induced abortion: a panel analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mar Llorente-Marrón ◽  
Montserrat Díaz-Fernández ◽  
Paz Méndez-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
National Income ◽  
Marriage Rate ◽  
Induced Abortion ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Labor Market Institutions ◽  
Adolescent Fertility ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Analyze the contextual and individual characteristics that explain the differences in the induced abortion rate, temporally and territorially. METHODS We conducted an econometric analysis with panel data of the influence of public investment in health and per capita income on induced abortion as well as a measurement of the effect of social and economic factors related to the labor market and reproduction: female employment, immigration, adolescent fertility and marriage rate. The empirical exercise was conducted with a sample of 22 countries in Europe for the 2001-2009 period. RESULTS The great territorial variability of induced abortion was the result of contextual and individual socioeconomic factors. Higher levels of national income and investments in public health reduce its incidence. The following sociodemographic characteristics were also significant regressors of induced abortion: female employment, civil status, migration, and adolescent fertility. CONCLUSIONS Induced abortion responds to sociodemographic patterns, in which the characteristics of each country are essential. The individual and contextual socioeconomic inequalities impact significantly on its incidence. Further research on the relationship between economic growth, labor market, institutions and social norms is required to better understand its transnational variability and to reduce its incidence.

scholarly journals Religion and Gender across Europe

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mălina Voicu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
The Social ◽  
European Values Survey ◽  
European Values ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Value ◽  
Social Importance

European societies have experienced a decrease in the social importance of religious issues. Values and attitudes towards gender roles have also changed in the last decades. In European countries, people have become more egalitarian with respect to the position of women in society. The author tries to identify the relationship between secularization and changes in gender values. As a result of secularization, the individual value system has become fragmented and religious values have lost their coordinating role. The investigation employs cross-national and longitudinal analysis of European Values Survey data (1990, 1999), most of the European countries being included in the study. The results indicate the decreasing impact of traditional religious belief on values related to gender roles during the 1990s in Europe and a common pattern of relationships between gender values and religiosity in most European societies.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Occupational Choice in Pakistan: A Multinomial Approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafar Mueen Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Characteristics

Occupational choice plays an important role in determining earnings and success in the labour market. In the social structure of Pakistan, an occupation reflects the socio-economic status of the individual. In this backdrop, the paper looks at the occupational structure and analyses how different characteristics help individuals to access jobs of their choice. The main issue discussed in the paper is how men and women have a different occupation distribution. Estimates are based on a multinomial log model of occupation choices for men and women, using the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) 2001-02 data. The empirical results show that individuals with high educational achievements choose high-ranking jobs. It is also noted that gender has a role in the labour market and males are sorted out in high-paying occupation. Occupational choice is influenced more by the human capital variables than by the individual characteristics. Among human capital variables, education has the strongest impact in the selection of an occupation of choice.

scholarly journals A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1091-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Goldin
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Temporal Flexibility ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gender Convergence

The converging roles of men and women are among the grandest advances in society and the economy in the last century. These aspects of the grand gender convergence are figurative chapters in a history of gender roles. But what must the “last” chapter contain for there to be equality in the labor market? The answer may come as a surprise. The solution does not (necessarily) have to involve government intervention and it need not make men more responsible in the home (although that wouldn't hurt). But it must involve changes in the labor market, especially how jobs are structured and remunerated to enhance temporal flexibility. The gender gap in pay would be considerably reduced and might vanish altogether if firms did not have an incentive to disproportionately reward individuals who labored long hours and worked particular hours. Such change has taken off in various sectors, such as technology, science, and health, but is less apparent in the corporate, financial, and legal worlds. (JEL J3, J16, J22, J24, J31, J33, N3)

scholarly journals ISSUES OF GENDER PSYCHOLOGY IN S. BALEY'S SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE

2016 ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
L. Omelchenko
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Psychological Differences ◽  
The Individual

In the proposed article solved the originality of views of the famous Polish and Ukrainian psychologist S. Baley at the problem of psychological differences between men and women. The academician stressed that psychological properties neither of the individual nor in any way caused only sexual affiliation rights. Analyzing a wide range of contemporary scientific publications, he expressed his commitment to the O. Weininger concept. Based on the conceptual foundations of genetic psychology, as the mouthpiece of the principle of individual approach to psychological description of the individual, he denied the existence of psychological differences between men and women, that formed only by gender sign. Resorting to consider psychological differences in the emotional sphere, he first violates another important topic – why men actually psychic symptoms (for example, emotional balance) considered as standard. An objective examination of cognitive differences between men and women, including the consideration process, S. Baley emphasizes the impossibility of realization valid comparisons, because the differences in the properties of the attention of men and women caused by their social interest, not by their sexual identity. Famous Polish and Ukrainian academician considered gender discrimination of women by intellectual criterion unacceptable, considering the said non-scientific position. The problem of the domination of gender stereotypes and gender discrimination in the Ukrainian society can be solved by introducing the idea S. Baley about consideration of the individual characteristics of personality in determining her professional life.

scholarly journals Indicators of gender stereotypes in a cultural career (analytical discourse)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetiana Andrusyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Role Sharing ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Artistic Career

Purpose of the article. Gender stereotypes have some inconsistency with the realities of today, and therefore become a problem for both society and the individual, as they raise pressing issues of gender equality. Research into indicators of gender stereotypes is needed to address these issues. That is why, in the context of our study, the purpose is to identify indicators of gender stereotypes in building an artistic career. The methodology of the study is conditioned by a gender approach aimed at overcoming gender stereotypes in society, equality, partnership, and interaction of both sexes. The study involves the use of common scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalization. The method of comparative analysis and analogy makes it possible to thoroughly comprehend gender stereotypes and their influence on the construction of careers in the artistic field of work. The scientific novelty is to identify indicators of gender stereotypes that are related specifically to social stereotypes of role-sharing in building an artistic career. The conclusions summarize the analysis and definition of indicators of gender stereotypes in the construction of artistic careers. It is understood that gender stereotypes are shaped by culture as generalized beliefs, and gender role means a set of expected patterns (norms) of behavior for men and women. It is proved that the division of labor continues to reproduce gender-role stereotypes. The problems of social stereotypes, self-identification, and free-thinking that women face in realizing themselves in the art are analyzed. It has been found that gender-based views on gender differences in employment are related to social stereotypes of role-sharing. Such stereotypes do not allow for an objective assessment of women's opportunities and competencies in employment or career development in the arts, and therefore the offer of employment for men and women differs significantly in terms of quantity and quality.

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