scholarly journals Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 899-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dave Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Real Income ◽  
Trade Costs ◽  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Sufficient Statistic ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
Railroad Network ◽  
The Impact

How large are the benefits of transportation infrastructure projects, and what explains these benefits? This paper uses archival data from colonial India to investigate the impact of India's vast railroad network. Guided by four results from a general equilibrium trade model, I find that railroads: (1) decreased trade costs and interregional price gaps; (2) increased interregional and international trade; (3) increased real income levels; and (4) that a sufficient statistic for the effect of railroads on welfare in the model accounts well for the observed reduced-form impact of railroads on real income in the data. (JEL H54, L92, N75, O22, R12, R42)

Capital-Skill Complementarity and the Skill Premium in a Quantitative Model of Trade

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Parro
Keyword(s):  
Technical Change ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Trade Costs ◽  
Relative Price ◽  
Skill Premium ◽  
Unskilled Labor ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
Skilled And Unskilled Labor ◽  
The Impact

Technological change has reduced the relative price of capital goods. Reductions in trade costs make it cheaper to import capital goods. With capital-skill complementarity, both can increase the skill premium. I construct a general-equilibrium trade model with capital-skill complementarity to study the impact of changing worldwide trade costs and technologies on the skill premium. The impacts of trade costs and technical change are comparable, especially in developing countries, and much larger than Stolper-Samuelson effects. I find that both skilled and unskilled labor gain from trade, and that larger gains from trade are associated with larger increases in the skill premium. (JEL E22, F11, F16, J24, O33)

scholarly journals Merger Policy in a Quantitative Model of International Trade*

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Breinlich ◽  
Volker Nocke ◽  
Nicolas Schutz
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Trade Costs ◽  
Oligopolistic Competition ◽  
Merger Policy ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Industry Level Data ◽  
The U.S

Abstract In a two-country international trade model with oligopolistic competition, we study the conditions on market structure and trade costs under which a merger policy designed to benefit domestic consumers is too tough or too lenient from the viewpoint of the foreign country. We calibrate the model to match industry-level data in the U.S. and Canada. Our results suggest that at present levels of trade costs, merger policy is too tough in the vast majority of sectors. We also quantify the resulting externalities and study the impact of different regimes of coordinating merger policies at varying levels of trade costs.

scholarly journals Uncertainty and Trade Agreements

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Limão ◽  
Giovanni Maggi
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Costs ◽  
Policy Uncertainty ◽  
Income Risk ◽  
Sufficient Statistic ◽  
Export Supply ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trade Policy Uncertainty ◽  
Statistic Approach

We explore conditions under which trade agreements can provide gains by reducing trade policy uncertainty. Given the degree of income risk aversion, this is more likely when economies are more open, export supply elasticities are lower, and economies more specialized. Governments have stronger incentives to sign trade agreements when the trading environment is more uncertain. As exogenous trade costs decline, the gains from reducing tariff uncertainty become more important relative to reducing average tariff levels. We also develop a simple “sufficient statistic” approach to quantify the gains from managing trade policy uncertainty, and examine the impact of ex ante investments on such gains. (JEL D81, F13)

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN TANDA TERIMA KASIH DAN TINGKAT PENDAPATAN APARATUR TERHADAP GRATIFIKASI

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulius Yulius
Keyword(s):  
Income Level ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
The Impact

The Governments in carrying out its function, is constrained by gratification practices that conducted with the apparatus, this research aims to discover the influence of people's habits in their gratitude to the gratification; The impact of apparatus’ income level to the gratification;the impact of community habits that show their gratitude and the income levels of the apparatus collectively to the gratification. This research instrument used the questionnaires which distributed to the apparatus, with the conclusion: Community's habits that represent their gratitude for gratification; the income level of the apparatus impact the gratification; the community's habits that represent their gratitude and the apparatus’ income level as together affecting the gratification, even contributing 40.4% of the gratification.Keywords: habit; income; gratification

scholarly journals Imaging NAD(H) Redox Alterations in Cryopreserved Alveolar Macrophages from Ozone-Exposed Mice and the Impact of Nutrient Starvation during Long Lag Times

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 767
Author(s):  
He N. Xu ◽  
Joanna Floros ◽  
Lin Z. Li ◽  
Shaili Amatya
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Nutrient Starvation ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Lag Times ◽  
The Impact

Employing the optical redox imaging technique, we previously identified a significant redox shift of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD and the reduced form NADH) in freshly isolated alveolar macrophages (AM) from ozone-exposed mice. The goal here was twofold: (a) to determine the NAD(H) redox shift in cryopreserved AM isolated from ozone-exposed mice and (b) to investigate whether there is a difference in the redox status between cryopreserved and freshly isolated AM. We found: (i) AM from ozone-exposed mice were in a more oxidized redox state compared to that from filtered air (FA)-exposed mice, consistent with the results obtained from freshly isolated mouse AM; (ii) under FA exposure, there was no significant NAD(H) redox difference between fresh AM that had been placed on ice for 2.5 h and cryopreserved AM; however, under ozone exposure, fresh AM were more oxidized than cryopreserved AM; (iii) via the use of nutrient starvation and replenishment and H2O2-induced oxidative stress of an AM cell line, we showed that this redox difference between cryopreserved and freshly isolated AM is likely the result of the double “hit”, i.e., the ozone-induced oxidative stress plus nutrient starvation that prevented freshly isolated AM from a full recovery after being on ice for a prolonged time period. The cryopreservation technique we developed eliminates/minimizes the effects of oxidative stress and nutrient starvation on cells. This method can be adopted to preserve lung macrophages from animal models or clinical patients for further investigations.

scholarly journals The impact of transportation infrastructure on bicycling injuries and crashes: a review of the literature

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor CO Reynolds ◽  
M Anne Harris ◽  
Kay Teschke ◽  
Peter A Cripton ◽  
Meghan Winters
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Gaseous chemistry and aerosol mechanism developments for version 3.5.1 of the online regional model, WRF-Chem

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 2557-2579 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Archer-Nicholls ◽  
D. Lowe ◽  
S. Utembe ◽  
J. Allan ◽  
R. A. Zaveri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Chemical Mechanism ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phase Chemical

Abstract. We have made a number of developments to the Weather, Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), with the aim of improving model prediction of trace atmospheric gas-phase chemical and aerosol composition, and of interactions between air quality and weather. A reduced form of the Common Reactive Intermediates gas-phase chemical mechanism (CRIv2-R5) has been added, using the Kinetic Pre-Processor (KPP) interface, to enable more explicit simulation of VOC degradation. N2O5 heterogeneous chemistry has been added to the existing sectional MOSAIC aerosol module, and coupled to both the CRIv2-R5 and existing CBM-Z gas-phase schemes. Modifications have also been made to the sea-spray aerosol emission representation, allowing the inclusion of primary organic material in sea-spray aerosol. We have worked on the European domain, with a particular focus on making the model suitable for the study of nighttime chemistry and oxidation by the nitrate radical in the UK atmosphere. Driven by appropriate emissions, wind fields and chemical boundary conditions, implementation of the different developments are illustrated, using a modified version of WRF-Chem 3.4.1, in order to demonstrate the impact that these changes have in the Northwest European domain. These developments are publicly available in WRF-Chem from version 3.5.1 onwards.

The impact of real estate allocation on investors’ ability to generate real income

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Randy Anderson ◽  
Eli Beracha ◽  
Spencer Propper
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Real Income ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Is Transportation Infrastructure Important to the One Belt One Road (OBOR) Initiative? Empirical Evidence from the Selected Asian Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang-Jing Yii ◽  
Kai-Ying Bee ◽  
Wei-Yong Cheam ◽  
Yee-Lee Chong ◽  
Ching-Mei Lee
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

The One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative is implemented to improve the linkage between China and its neighboring countries in terms of economic ties, connectivity, partnership, and security cooperation. The crucial challenge encountered in OBOR initiative is the different gauge standards from different countries in the development of railway along the Silk Road. Another issue arose from the regulation of education sector in the aspect of quality, cost, and efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, there is still lack of study on the transportation infrastructure and education towards the GDP in the selected Asian countries, especially for Central Asia. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of OBOR initiative and its importance towards economic growth by further investigating the determinants such as transportation infrastructure, education, labor, trade, and inflation rate. This study employs panel data analysis using the annual data from the period of 2000–2015. The selected Asian countries are divided into three regions, namely Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), ASEAN (Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia), and East Asia (China, Mongolia). Besides, we use fixed effect model (FEM) to obtain the results based on the support of Hausman test and Poolability F-test. The findings reveal that transportation infrastructure possess a positive effect on GDP. Surprisingly, education is negatively related to GDP. With this, policy makers are suggested to encourage OBOR countries to expand and upgrade their system in terms of transportation infrastructure, human capital, culture, and education. In future studies, the advanced model is recommended to investigate the pre- and post-efficiency of OBOR initiative.

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