scholarly journals No Gender Difference in Willingness to Compete When Competing against Self

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 136-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coren L. Apicella ◽  
Elif E. Demiral ◽  
Johanna Mollerstrom
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Market Experiment ◽  
Willingness To Compete

We report on two experiments investigating whether there is a gender difference in the willingness to compete against oneself (self-competition), similar to what is found when competing against others (other-competition). In one laboratory and one online market experiment, involving a total of 1,200 participants, we replicate the gender-gap in willingness to other-compete but find no evidence of a gender difference in the willingness to self-compete. We explore the roles of risk and confidence and suggest that these factors can account for the different findings. Finally, we document that self-competition does no worse than other-competition in terms of performance boosting.

scholarly journals How Stress Affects Performance and Competitiveness Across Gender

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 3295-3310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Cahlíková ◽  
Lubomír Cingl ◽  
Ian Levely
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Trier Social Stress Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Piece Rate ◽  
Incentive Structures ◽  
Salivary Cortisol Level ◽  
Willingness To Compete

Because many key career events, such as examinations and interviews, involve competition and stress, gender differences in response to these factors could help to explain the labor market gender gap. In a laboratory experiment, we manipulate psychosocial stress using the Trier Social Stress Test and confirm that this is effective by measuring salivary cortisol level and heart rate. Subjects perform in a real-effort task under both tournament and piece-rate incentives, and we elicit willingness to compete. We find that women under heightened stress perform worse than women in the control group when compensated with tournament incentives, whereas there is no treatment difference under piece-rate incentives. For men, stress does not affect output under competition or under piece rate. The gender gap in willingness to compete is not affected by stress, but stress decreases competitiveness overall, which is related to performance for women. Our results could explain gender differences in performance under competition, with implications for hiring practices and incentive structures in firms. This paper was accepted by Axel Ockenfels, behavioral economics.

scholarly journals Mitigating the Gender Gap in the Willingness to Compete: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1147-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sule Alan ◽  
Seda Ertac
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Randomized Field Experiment ◽  
Willingness To Compete ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We evaluate the impact on competitiveness of a randomized educational intervention that aims to foster grit, a skill that is highly predictive of achievement. The intervention is implemented in elementary schools, and we measure its impact using a dynamic competition task with interim performance feedback. We find that when children are exposed to a worldview that emphasizes the role of effort in achievement and encourages perseverance, the gender gap in the willingness to compete disappears. We show that the elimination of this gap implies significant efficiency gains. We also provide suggestive evidence on a plausible causal mechanism that runs through the positive impact of enhanced grit on girls' optimism about their future performance.

scholarly journals What Explains the Gender Gap in College Track Dropout? Experimental and Administrative Evidence

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 296-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingvild Almås ◽  
Alexander W. Cappelen ◽  
Kjell G. Salvanes ◽  
Erik Ø. Sørensen ◽  
Bertil Tungodden
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Administrative Evidence

We exploit a unique data set, combining rich experimental data with high-quality administrative data, to study dropout from the college track in Norway, and why boys are more likely to drop out. The paper provides three main findings. First, we show that family background and personal characteristics contribute to explain dropout. Second, we show that the gender difference in dropout rates appears both when the adolescents select into the college track and after they have started. Third, we show that different processes guide the choices of the boys and the girls of whether to drop out from the college track.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in COVID-19 Conspiracy Theory Beliefs

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1009-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Cassese ◽  
Christina E. Farhart ◽  
Joanne M. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Conspiracy Theory ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Past Work ◽  
Dispositional Factors

AbstractIn this article, we evaluate gender differences in COVID-19 conspiracy theory beliefs. We find that women are significantly less likely than men to endorse COVID-19 conspiracy theories and that this gender difference cuts across party lines. Our analysis suggests that this gender gap is partially explained by two dispositional factors: learned helplessness and conspiratorial thinking. Our findings qualify past work on the antecedents of conspiracy theory beliefs, which does not uncover robust and significant gender differences. The results highlight the need for work in this area to better theorize about the significance of gender.

Gender difference in the continuance intention to e-file income tax returns in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-155
Author(s):  
Saman Arshad ◽  
Sobia Khurram
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
The Body ◽  
Continuance Intention ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
Continuous Usage Intention

This paper investigates the continuous usage intention of an e-government service from the digital divide perspective, particularly the gender differences. To find out whether the gender difference exists, the case of income tax e-filing service of Pakistan was taken, and the data was collected by means of an online survey from citizens who have previously used tax e-filing service (N = 401). The collected data was analyzed using Welch’s t-test in IBM SPSS v.20. The findings revealed that there is a statistically significant difference between men and women with regards to continuance intention to use income tax e-filing service. Specifically, men are more likely to continue usage than women probably because women are more influenced by their social circle and the ease of use of system while men majorly prefer to use a system for its functional benefits and/or performance. This study contributes to the body of knowledge as the research in the area of gender gap in the e-government usage particularly in a developing country context is scarce. Finally, the results are discussed in the light of the previous research and some practical implications are also provided.

scholarly journals Gender Gap in the Career Success of University Graduates: Effects of Work-Related Values

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-71
Author(s):  
Barbara Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Career Success ◽  
Career Aspirations ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Career Outcomes ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Graduate Survey ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractThe article deals with the unequal career outcomes between women and men. The data from the graduate survey are used to investigate the effect of work-related values on career success. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition determines which factors can explain the gender difference. The results show that career aspirations have a more positive effect on men than on women and that a considerable proportion of the gender gap remains unexplained.

scholarly journals Gender Difference in the Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Performance in Science among Secondary School Students in Migori County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. p154
Author(s):  
Polycarp O. Gor ◽  
Lucas O. A. Othuon ◽  
Quinter A. Migunde
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
School Students ◽  
Girls In Science ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender difference in the relationship between self-efficacy and performance in science. A sample of 327 Form Four students in Migori County was used. Questionnaires, focus group discussion guide and interview schedules were used for data collection. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation. Qualitative data were organized into themes and interpreted. Overall, boys had higher levels of performance in science (Mean=39.21) than girls (Mean=30.80) and the mean difference was statistically significant (t=3.89, p=.00). Boys had higher levels of self-efficacy (Mean=2.89) than girls (Mean=2.81) and the mean difference was not statistically significant (t=1.56, p=.12). Further, the overall correlation between self-efficacy and performance was statistically significant with r=.236 (p=.002, n=327). The correlation between self-efficacy and performance for boys was significant with r=.250 (p=.005, n=200) and non-significant for girls with r=.085 (p=.558, n=127). It is concluded that boys outperform girls in science and record higher scores in self-efficacy than girls. In addition, the variance shared in common between self-efficacy and performance is higher for boys than girls. To improve performance and also reduce the gender gap in science performance, self-efficacy should be enhanced for students but more particularly so for girls.

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