Evolution of Impatience: The Example of the Farmer-Sheriff Game

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-317
Author(s):  
David K. Levine ◽  
Salvatore Modica ◽  
Federico Weinschelbaum ◽  
Felipe Zurita
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Problems ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Evolutionary Advantage

The literature on the evolution of impatience, focusing on one-person decision problems, often finds that evolutionary forces favor the more patient individuals. This paper shows that in games where equilibrium involves threat of punishment there are forces generating an evolutionary advantage to the impatient. In particular, it offers a two-population example where evolutionary forces favor impatience in one group while favoring patience in the other. Moreover, efficiency may also favor impatient individuals. In our example, it is efficient for one population to evolve impatience and for the other to develop patience. Yet, evolutionary forces move the opposite direction. (JEL C73, C78)

scholarly journals An alternative to the rejection of observations

1932 ◽  
Vol 137 (831) ◽  
pp. 78-87 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Continuous Function ◽  
Large Deviations ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cause Of Error ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Law ◽  
Usual Rule

1. It is widely felt that any method of rejecting observations with large deviations from the mean is open to some suspicion. Suppose that by some criterion, such as Peirce’s and Chauvenet’s, we decide to reject observations with deviations greater than 4 σ, where σ is the standard error, computed from the standard deviation by the usual rule; then we reject an observation deviating by 4·5 σ, and thereby alter the mean by about 4·5 σ/ n , where n is the number of observations, and at the same time we reduce the computed standard error. This may lead to the rejection of another observation deviating from the original mean by less than 4 σ, and if the process is repeated the mean may be shifted so much as to lead to doubt as to whether it is really sufficiently representative of the observations. In many cases, where we suspect that some abnormal cause has affected a fraction of the observations, there is a legitimate doubt as to whether it has affected a particular observation. Suppose that we have 50 observations. Then there is an even chance, according to the normal law, of a deviation exceeding 2·33 σ. But a deviation of 3 σ or more is not impossible, and if we make a mistake in rejecting it the mean of the remainder is not the most probable value. On the other hand, an observation deviating by only 2 σ may be affected by an abnormal cause of error, and then we should err in retaining it, even though no existing rule will instruct us to reject such an observation. It seems clear that the probability that a given observation has been affected by an abnormal cause of error is a continuous function of the deviation; it is never certain or impossible that it has been so affected, and a process that completely rejects certain observations, while retaining with full weight others with comparable deviations, possibly in the opposite direction, is unsatisfactory in principle.

scholarly journals Wolbachia -induced meiotic drive and feminization is associated with an independent occurrence of selective mitochondrial sweep in a butterfly

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 20170153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mai Miyata ◽  
Tatsuro Konagaya ◽  
Kenji Yukuhiro ◽  
Masashi Nomura ◽  
Daisuke Kageyama
Keyword(s):  
Selective Sweep ◽  
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ◽  
Meiotic Drive ◽  
Sequence Polymorphism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Eurema Hecabe ◽  
Hybrid Introgression

Maternally inherited Wolbachia endosymbionts manipulate arthropod reproduction in various ways. In the butterfly Eurema mandarina , a cytoplasmic incompatibility-inducing Wolbachia strain w CI and the associated mtDNA haplotypes are known to originate from the sister species Eurema hecabe , which offered a good case study for microbe-mediated hybrid introgression. Besides w CI, some females with the Z0 karyotype harbour a distinct Wolbachia strain w Fem, which causes all-female production by meiotic drive and feminization. We report that a considerable proportion of E. mandarina females (65.7%) were infected with both w CI and w Fem (CF) on Tanegashima Island. While females singly infected with w CI (C) produced offspring at a 1 : 1 sex ratio, CF females produced only females. Although Z-linked sequence polymorphism showed no signs of divergence between C and CF females, mtDNA split into two discrete clades; one consisted of C females and the other CF females, both of which formed a clade with E. hecabe but not with uninfected E. mandarina . This suggests that CF matrilines also, but independently, experienced a selective sweep after hybrid introgression from E. hecabe . Distinct evolutionary forces were suggested to have caused C and CF matrilines to diverge, which would be irreversible because of the particular phenotype of w Fem.

XXVI.—A New Method of determining the Degree of Twist in Single Threads

1907 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 264-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Method

The determination of the degree of twist in a folded or ply thread composed of two or more strands is an easy matter. It is merely necessary to stretch the thread between two clamps, one being fixed and the other forming the end of a bar which can be rotated about its axis. A counter is attached to indicate the number of rotations. Rotating the thread in the opposite direction to its twist ultimately brings the singles parallel to each other. This point is easily observed. If we apply this method to single yarns we are at once confronted with the difficulty that the fibres constituting the yarn cannot be reduced to exact parallelism with each other.

scholarly journals Computational study on the aerodynamics of a long-shrouded contra-rotating rotor in hover

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 175682931983368
Author(s):  
Chao Huo ◽  
Peng Lv ◽  
Anbang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Sliding Mesh ◽  
Global Performance ◽  
Mesh Method ◽  
Downstream Flow

This paper aims to investigate the aerodynamics including the global performance and flow characteristics of a long-shrouded contra-rotating rotor by developing a full 3D RANS computation. Through validations by current experiments on the same shrouded contra-rotating rotor, the computation using sliding mesh method and the computational zone with an extended nozzle downstream flow field effectively works; the time-averaged solution of the unsteady computation reveals that more uniform flow presents after the downstream rotor, which implies that the rear rotor rotating at opposite direction greatly compensates and reduces the wake; the unsteady computations further explore the flow field throughout the whole system, along the span and around blade tips. Complex flow patterns including the vortices and their interactions are indicated around the blade roots and tips. For further identifying rotor configurations, the rotor–rotor distance and switching two rotor speeds were studied. The computation reveals that setting the second rotor backwards decreases the wake scale but increases its intensity in the downstream nozzle zone. However, for the effect of switching speeds, computations cannot precisely solve the flow when the rear rotor under the windmill because of the upstream rotor rotating much faster than the other one. All the phenomena from computations well implement the experimental observations.

scholarly journals Asymmetrical Pseudo-Extinction Phenomenon in the Illusory Line Motion

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1322
Author(s):  
Vidheya G. Del Vicario ◽  
Rossana Actis-Grosso ◽  
Nadia Bolognini ◽  
Roberta Daini
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Exogenous Attention ◽  
White Line ◽  
Illusory Line Motion ◽  
Perceptual Asymmetry ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Asymmetrical Effect

Illusory Line Motion (i.e., a static line, presented after a lateral cue, is perceived as movement in the opposite direction to the cue) has been used to study a phenomenon of perceptual asymmetry. We have demonstrated the presence of an illusion of leftward movement, even in the presence of bilateral symmetrical cues. We have classified this phenomenon as one of pseudo-extinction. The paradigm of the four experiments performed was always the same: a white line, briefly presented alone or preceded by one or two lateral cues (150 ms), was judged by a group of young participants to be moving either to one side or the other. The asymmetrical effect in the bilateral cue condition was observed with horizontal lines (Experiment 1 and 4), and not with vertical or oblique (Experiment 2 and 3). These results suggest that the effect is linked to the asymmetry of the horizontal spatial planum and the mechanisms of spatial attention. Experiment 4 verified whether the Illusory Line Motion involves the collicular pathway by using blue stimuli for the cues, which activate less the Superior Colliculus (SC), with negative results. We interpreted the asymmetrical pseudo-extinction phenomenon in terms of a right-space exogenous attention advantage.

La frontière politique intérieure: le sens de l’esclavage dans les Lois et dans le Politique de Platon

Méthexis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-46
Author(s):  
Étienne Helmer
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ethical Thought ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Free People

The presence of slavery in Plato’s political and ethical thought is marked by two contrary tendencies: one signals the conventional character of statutory slavery and tends to reduce the moral boundary between free people and servile people; the other one, going in the opposite direction, strongly reaffirms the functional frontier between these two categories, and makes it impassable. What does this double gesture of integration and exclusion of slavery mean with respect to Plato’s political thought? My claim, based on the analysis of a passage in Book vi of the Laws and some excerpts from the Statesman, is the following: for Plato, the statutory slavery fulfills the function of drawing the inner civic boundary on which the political field must be built if it is to have a true conceptual autonomy, by contrast with what contributes to its construction but without being fully political.

scholarly journals On the structure and functions of tubular and cellular polypi, and of asidiæ

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 268-270
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Perfect Health ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Regular Shape ◽  
The One ◽  
Structure And Functions ◽  
A Current

This paper contains the account of a great number of observations made by the author during the last summer, while he was at the southern coast of England, on several species of Sertulariæ , Plumulariæ , Tubulariæ , Campanulariæ , Flustræ , and other polypiferous zoophytes, and also on various Ascidiæ . Each specimen was placed for examination in a glass trough with parallel sides, before the large achromatic microscope of the author, directed horizontally; and care was taken to change the sea-water frequently, which was done by means of two syphons, the one supplying fresh water, while the other carried off the old; a plan which succeeded in keeping the animals in perfect health and vigour. The drawings which were taken of the appearances that presented themselves were traced with a cameralucida, slid over the eye-piece of the microscope. In a specimen of the Tubularia indivisa , when magnified 100 times, a current of particles was seen within the tube, strikingly resembling, in the steadiness and continuity of its stream, the vegetable circulation in the Chara . Its general course was parallel to the slightly spiral lines of irregular spots on the tube; on one side flowing from, and on the other towards, the polypus, each current occupying one half of the circumference of the tube. The particles were of various sizes, some very small, others larger, but apparently aggregations of the smaller: a few were nearly globular, but in general they had no regular shape. At the knots, or contracted parts of the tube, slight vortices were observed in the current; and at the ends of the tube the particles were seen to turn round, and pass over to the other side. Singular fluctuations were also observed in the size of the stomach and of the cavity of the mouth; the one occasionally enlarging, while the other contracted, as if produced by the passage of a fluid from the one into the other and its subsequent recession, thus distending each alternately. This flux and reflux took place regularly at intervals of 80 seconds; besides which two currents were continually flowing, both in the mouth and stomach; an outer one in one direction, and an inner one in the opposite direction.

scholarly journals Political instability and economic growth: Evidence from two decades of transition in CEE

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henryk Gurgul ◽  
Łukasz Lach
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Government Change

This paper examines the nexus between political instability and economic growth in 10 CEE countries in transition in the period 1990–2009. Our results support the contention that political instability defined as a propensity for government change had a negative impact on growth. On the other hand, there was no causality in the opposite direction. A sensitivity analysis based on the application of a few hundred different variants of the initial econometric model confirmed the abovementioned findings only in the case where major government changes were applied to the definition of political instability.

scholarly journals Reference Model of Project Prototyping Problem

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
Marcin Relich ◽  
Zbigniew Banaszak
Keyword(s):  
Programming Languages ◽  
Decision Problem ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Problems ◽  
Open Structure ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Constraints Satisfaction ◽  
Natural Way

Reference Model of Project Prototyping ProblemThe paper presents the idea of reference model of project prototyping problem for the projects that are at risk of failure. The hierarchical structure of declarative model connects two fields: functionalities of a typical service enterprise and management system of project execution in the enterprise. The functionalities as separate Constraints Satisfaction Problems (CSP) are described. CSP contains the sets of decision variables, their domains and constraints, which link these variables. The separated problems described as CSP, then in single main CSP are integrated. On the other hand, these problems can decompose into the subproblems concerning the functionalities of different fields. The open structure of model enables to solve the decision problems with different level of specificity. The decision problem can regard a query about the results of proposed decisions as well as the decisions guaranteeing the expected results. A declarative kind of proposed reference model in a natural way allows to implement its in constraint programming languages. The possibility of this approach illustrates an example.

scholarly journals On the Relationship(s) Between Color and Taste/Flavor

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Spence
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Large Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crossmodal Correspondences ◽  
Flavor Perception ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Experimental psychologists, psychophysicists, food/sensory scientists, and marketers have long been interested in, and/or speculated about, what exactly the relationship, if any, might be between color and taste/flavor. While several influential early commentators argued against there being any relationship, a large body of empirical evidence published over the last 80 years or so clearly demonstrates that the hue and saturation, or intensity, of color in food and/or drink often influences multisensory flavor perception. Interestingly, the majority of this research has focused on vision’s influence on the tasting experience rather than looking for any effects in the opposite direction. Recently, however, a separate body of research linking color and taste has emerged from the burgeoning literature on the crossmodal correspondences. Such correspondences, or associations, between attributes or dimensions of experience, are thought to be robustly bidirectional. When talking about the relationship between color and taste/flavor, some commentators would appear to assume that these two distinct literatures describe the same underlying empirical phenomenon. That said, a couple of important differences (in terms of the bidirectionality of the effects and their relative vs. absolute nature) are highlighted, meaning that the findings from one domain may not necessarily always be transferable to the other, as is often seemingly assumed.

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