Infection, allergy and the hygiene hypothesis: historical perspective

2003 ◽  
Vol 117 (12) ◽  
pp. 946-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Kim ◽  
A. B. Drake-Lee
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Hygiene Hypothesis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Important Relationship ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Parasite Infections ◽  
Historical Relationship ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
The Developed Countries

The ’hygiene hypothesis’ was popularized in the late 1980s to explain the high prevalence of atopic disordersin the developed countries. It links atopic disorders and the lack of early life infections. An association between the two is not novel and dates back to the beginnings of allergy, immunology and microbiology. Allergy and infection have always been closely related and the study ofone has often provided new insights into the pathobiology of the other. Early research into bacterial infections led to the discovery of the human immune system and the concept of allergy. An important relationship exists between parasite infections and the development of atopic disorders.This review traces the long and intimate historical relationship between infection and allergy.

On the innate immune response to intracellular bacterial infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (08) ◽  
pp. 2050170
Author(s):  
Irina Naskinova ◽  
Mikhail Kolev ◽  
Anka Markovska
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
Big Data Analysis ◽  
Model System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Human Immune

Various bacteria are able to infect human organisms to induce less or more dangerous diseases. In response to them, the human immune system is usually activated. In addition, medical therapies to the patients can be applied. One of the most popular approaches is the use of various antibiotics. However, some bacteria are able to develop resistance against the applied antibiotics. Various approaches to study these phenomena are proposed in the literature, among them tools for big data analysis, machine learning, mathematical modeling, etc. In our paper, we consider a mathematical model describing the interactions between susceptible uninfected cells, infected cells, immune cells and bacteria. We study the properties of the model. We propose numerical scheme for obtaining the approximate solutions to the model system for various values of parameters and initial conditions.

scholarly journals Computational Modeling of Microabscess Formation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Bittencourt Pigozzo ◽  
Gilson Costa Macedo ◽  
Rodrigo Weber dos Santos ◽  
Marcelo Lobosco
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Human Immune

Bacterial infections can be of two types: acute or chronic. The chronic bacterial infections are characterized by being a large bacterial infection and/or an infection where the bacteria grows rapidly. In these cases, the immune response is not capable of completely eliminating the infection which may lead to the formation of a pattern known as microabscess (or abscess). The microabscess is characterized by an area comprising fluids, bacteria, immune cells (mainly neutrophils), and many types of dead cells. This distinct pattern of formation can only be numerically reproduced and studied by models that capture the spatiotemporal dynamics of the human immune system (HIS). In this context, our work aims to develop and implement an initial computational model to study the process of microabscess formation during a bacterial infection.

scholarly journals Bacterial Superantigen Toxins, CD28, and Drug Development

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Kaempfer
Keyword(s):  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Strong Immune Response ◽  
Costimulatory Receptor ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Receptor Dimer ◽  
Bacterial Superantigen

During severe bacterial infections, death and disease are often caused by an overly strong immune response of the human host. Acute toxic shock is induced by superantigen toxins, a diverse set of proteins secreted by Gram-positive staphylococcal and streptococcal bacterial strains that overstimulate the inflammatory response by orders of magnitude. The need to protect from superantigen toxins led to our discovery that in addition to the well-known MHC class II and T cell receptors, the principal costimulatory receptor, CD28, and its constitutively expressed coligand, B7-2 (CD86), previously thought to have only costimulatory function, are actually critical superantigen receptors. Binding of the superantigen into the homodimer interfaces of these costimulatory receptors greatly enhances B7-2/CD28 engagement, leading to excessive pro-inflammatory signaling. This finding led to the design of short receptor dimer interface mimetic peptides that block the binding of superantigen and thus protect from death. It then turned out that such a peptide will protect also from Gram-negative bacterial infection and from polymicrobial sepsis. One such CD28 mimetic peptide is advancing in a Phase 3 clinical trial to protect from lethal wound infections by flesh-eating bacteria. These host-oriented therapeutics target the human immune system itself, rendering pathogens less likely to become resistant.

scholarly journals Endoparasites infecting exotic captive amphibian pet and zoo animals (Anura, Caudata) in Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (11) ◽  
pp. 3659-3673
Author(s):  
Malek J. Hallinger ◽  
Anja Taubert ◽  
Carlos Hermosilla
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Zoo Animals ◽  
Parasite Infections ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Clawed Frog

Abstract Alongside exotic reptiles, amphibians, such as toads, frogs, salamanders, and newts, are nowadays considered popular pets worldwide. As reported for other exotic pet animals, amphibians are known to harbor numerous gastrointestinal parasites. Nonetheless, very little data are available on captive amphibian parasitic diseases. In this study, we applied direct saline fecal smears (DSFS) to examine in total 161 stool samples from 41 different amphibian species belonging to the orders Anura and Caudata. In addition, carbolfuchsin-smear (CFS) staining (n = 74 samples) was used to detect amphibian Cryptosporidium oocysts. Also, complete dissections of deceased amphibians (n = 107) were performed to specify parasite infections and to address parasite-associated pathogenicity. Overall, examined amphibian fecal samples contained 12 different parasite taxa. The order Rhabditida with the species Rhabdias spp. and Strongyloides spp. were the most prevalent nematode species (19.3%), followed by flagellated protozoans (8.7%), Amphibiocapillaria spp./Neocapillaria spp. (7.5%), Oswaldocruzia spp. (4.3%), Blastocystis spp. (3.1%), Cosmocerca spp. (3.1%), oxyurids (Pharyngonoidae) (3.1%), spirurids (1.2%), un-sporulated coccidian oocysts (0.6%), Tritrichomonas spp. (0.6%), Karotomorpha spp. (0.6%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (0.6%). One CFS-stained fecal sample (1.4%) was positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Within dissected amphibians, 31 (48.4%) of the anurans and 11 (26.2%) of the salamanders were infected with gastrointestinal parasites. One cutaneous Pseudocapillaroides xenopi infection was diagnosed in an adult African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Etiologically, 17 (15.9%) of them died due to severe parasitic and/or bacterial infections (e.g., Chryseobacterium indologenes, Citrobacter freudii, Sphingobacterium multivorum, Klebsiella pneumoniae). High prevalence and pathological findings of several clinical amphibian parasitoses call for more detailed investigation on gastrointestinal parasite-derived molecular mechanisms associated with detrimental lesions or even death.

scholarly journals Infeksi Cacing dan Alergi

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Selfi Renita Rusdji
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Disease ◽  
Hygiene Hypothesis ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Human Immune Response ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation ◽  
Disease Present

AbstrakInfeksi cacing masih merupakan masalah kesehatan di Indonesia dan negara berkembang lainnya. Penyakit ini sering terjadi di daerah dengan higienisitas dan sanitasi yang masih kurang. Respon imun tubuh host terhadap cacing ini mirip dengan respon tubuh terhadap penyakit alergi. Respon pada penyakit kecacingan dan alergi ini merupakan respon Thelper2 yaitu diferensiasi dan polariasasi sel limfosit T lebih dominan pada Th2. Pada kenyataannya, ditinjau dari segi epidemiologi, penyakit kecacingan dan penyakit alergi terdapat pada daerah yang sangat berbeda. Prevalensi penyakit alergi cenderung lebih banyak terjadi di daerah maju dengan higiene dan sanitasi yang baik. Keadaan ini menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah kecacingan mempunyai efek proteksi terhadap manifestasi klinis berbagai macam penyakit alergi. Hygiene hypothesis merupakan teori yang relevan dalam menjawab pertanyaan ini. Mekanisme yang dapat menerangkan fenomena ada adalah saturasi sel mast, penghambatan oleh IgG4 dan modified Th2 response.Kata kunci: infeksi cacing, alergi, respon Th2AbstractHelminthiasis is still unsolved problem in Indonesia and other developing countries. This disease is frequently occurred in poor personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. The human immune response to helminth infections is similar with response to allergic disease. These disease present T helper2 (Th2) response which characterized dominant differentiation and proliferation of Th2. In fact, epidemiology study shows that they are occurred in different type of region. High prevalence of allergic disease is found in modern country which is well established sanitation and good personal hygiene. This condition raises fundamental question whether helminthiasis is associated with protection against allergic disease. Hygiene hypothesis is a theory that can explain this phenomen. The mechanisms are mast cell saturation, IgG4 blocking and modified Th2.Keywords: helminthiasis, allergy, Th2 response

scholarly journals Transmission ofHelicobacter pyloriInfection

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 595-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Oderda
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Gastric Lymphoma ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Close Contacts

Helicobacter pyloriinfection is one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide. It is accepted as the major cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, carcinoma of the distal part of the stomach and gastric lymphoma. However, how and when the infection is acquired remain largely unknown. Identification of mode of transmission is vital for developing preventive measures to interrupt its spread, but studies focused on this issue are difficult to implement. From epidemiological studies, it is known that there are great differences in the prevalence of infection in different populations and in ethnic groups originating from high prevalence regions. This is likely related to inferior hygienic conditions and sanitation. In developing countries, infection occurs at a much earlier age. In developed countries, the prevalence of infection is related to poor socioeconomic conditions, particularly density of living. Humans seem to be the only reservoir ofH pylori, which spread from person to person by oral-oral, fecal-oral or gastro-oral routes. Most infections are acquired in childhood, possibly from parents or other children living as close contacts. Infection from the environment or from animals cannot be entirely excluded.

How to Assure Stable Development in Unstable Financial Environment?

2007 ◽  
pp. 4-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ershov
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Market Liquidity ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Russian Stock Market ◽  
Stable Development ◽  
Financial Environment

Growing involvement of Russian economy in international economic sphere increases the role of external risks. Financial problems which the developed countries are encountered with today result in volatility of Russian stock market, liquidity problems for banks, unstable prices. These factors in total may put longer-term prospects of economic growth in jeopardy. Monetary, foreign exchange and stock market mechanisms become the centerpiece of economic policy approaches which should provide for stable development in the shaky environment.

The Reproduction Vector of the Russian Economy: 1999-2007

2008 ◽  
pp. 94-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries

The problem of the Russian economy’s growth rates is considered in the article in the context of Russia’s backwardness regarding GDP per capita in comparison with the developed countries. The author stresses the urgency of modernization of the real sector of the economy and the recovery of the country’s human capital. For reaching these goals short- or mid-term programs are not sufficient. Economic policy needs a long-term (15-20 years) strategy, otherwise Russia will be condemned to economic inertia and multiplying structural disproportions.

Power Generation for India with Higher Efficiency

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Umeshkannan P ◽  
Muthurajan KG
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Average Efficiency ◽  
Potential Demand ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Nations

The developed countries are consuming more amount of energy in all forms including electricity continuously with advanced technologies.  Developing  nation’s  energy usage trend rises quickly but very less in comparison with their population and  their  method of generating power is not  seems  to  be  as  advanced  as  developed  nations. The   objective   function   of   this   linear   programming model is to maximize the average efficiency of power generation inIndia for 2020 by giving preference to energy efficient technologies. This model is subjected to various constraints like potential, demand, running cost and Hydrogen / Carbon ratio, isolated load, emission and already installed capacities. Tora package is used to solve this linear program. Coal,  Gas,  Hydro  and  Nuclear  sources can are  supply around 87 %  of  power  requirement .  It’s concluded that we can produce power  at  overall  efficiency  of  37%  while  meeting  a  huge demand  of  13,00,000  GWh  of  electricity.  The objective function shows the scenario of highaverage efficiency with presence of 9% renewables. Maximum value   is   restricted   by   low   renewable   source’s efficiencies, emission constraints on fossil fuels and cost restriction on some of efficient technologies. This    model    shows    that    maximum    18%    of    total requirement   can   be   met   by   renewable itself which reduces average efficiency to 35.8%.   Improving technologies  of  renewable  sources  and  necessary  capacity addition  to  them in  regular  interval  will  enhance  their  role and existence against fossil fuels in future. The work involves conceptualizing, modeling, gathering information for data’s to be used in model for problem solving and presenting different scenarios for same objective.

International Economic Assistance in the 1970's — A Critique of Partners in Development (Review Article)

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-490
Author(s):  
Nurul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Service Charge ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Defence Expenditure

Foreign economic aid is at the cross-roads. There is an atmosphere of gloom and disenchantment surrounding international aid in both the developed and developing countries — more so in the former than in the latter. Doubts have grown in the developed countries, especially among the conservatives in these countries, as to the effectiveness of aid in promoting economic development, the wastes and inefficiency involved in the use of aid, the adequacy of self-help on the part of the recipient countries in husbanding and mobilising their own resources for development and the dangers of getting involved, through ex¬tensive foreign-aid operations, in military or diplomatic conflicts. The waning of confidence on the part of the donors in the rationale of foreign aid has been accentuated by an increasing concern with their domestic problems as well as by the occurrence of armed conflicts among the poor, aid-recipient countries strengthened by substantial defence expenditure that diverts resources away from development. The disenchantment on the part of the recipient countries is, on the other hand, associated with the inadequacy of aid, the stop-go nature of its flow in many cases, and the intrusion of noneconomic considerations governing the allocation of aid amongst the recipient countries. There is a reaction in the developing countries against the dependence, political and eco¬nomic, which heavy reliance on foreign aid generates. The threat of the in¬creasing burden of debt-service charge haunts the developing world and brings them back to the donors for renewed assistance and/or debt rescheduling.

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