Epidemiological investigation of an animal house based upon phage-typing and biotyping of Staphylococcus epidermidis

Summary The value of biotyping and phage-typing coagulase-negative staphylococci in the epidemiological investigation of a laboratory animal house was clearly demonstrated. In the animal rooms in which conventional bacteriological methods revealed equal bacterial contamination between a conventional unit and one housing specified-pathogen-free rodents, biotyping identified Staphylococcus cohnii as the only species in the latter, compared to S. warneri, S. hominis, S. saprophytics, S. xylosus abd S. epidermidis as well as S. cohnii in the conventional unit. Similarly, phage-typing revealed 2 phage types in the specified-pathogen-free compared to 7 in the conventional unit. Thus biotyping and phage-typing provided evidence for the existence of a barrier between these units that had presented similar gross bacteriological findings.

Download Full-text

Phage typing set for differentiating Staphylococcus epidermidis

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m88-240 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 34 (12) ◽

pp. 1358-1361 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. Gershman ◽

J. A. Hunter ◽

R. J. Harmon ◽

R. A. Wilson ◽

G. Markowsky

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Phage Typing ◽

Two Cultures ◽

Phage Types

A phage typing set composed of 13 phages is described for characterizing Staphylococcus epidermidis. Isolates (372) from cases of bovine mastitis were used in this study. Of these, 350 or 94% were successfully delineated, and 63 phage types were observed. Twenty two cultures were not typeable.

Download Full-text

Bacteriological examination of a modern animal house containing small laboratory animals

Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1258/002367779781071311 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 21-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Martin Wierup

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Bacteriological Examination ◽

Small Laboratory ◽

Bacterial Counts ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Animal House ◽

Conventional Unit ◽

Bacteriological Contamination

Floors and other areas totalling 1800 m2, comprising conventional and specified-pathogen-free (SPF) units, were screened bacteriologically 6 times in a year. The contamination indices observed were lower within than outside the units, and lower in the SPF than in the conventional unit. Bacterial counts in rooms containing animals in the conventional and SPF units were very similar. In all of the areas investigated within the units, most of the samples revealed <2 colony forming units per cm2. In contrast, high degrees of bacteriological contamination were detected in the changing rooms after showering or washing before entry. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the dominant bacterial species isolated. The bacteriological spectrum did not vary between the areas surveyed.

Download Full-text

Efficacy of phage typing epidemiologically related Staphylococcus epidermidis strains

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.2.4.318-321.1975 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 318-321

Author(s):

L Blouse ◽

L N Kolonel ◽

C A Watkins ◽

J M Atherton

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Prosthetic Valve ◽

Phage Typing ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Routine Test ◽

Related Phage ◽

Phage Types ◽

Hospital Patients

A total of 118 epidemiologically related Staphylococcus epidermidis strains from hospital patients, staff, and fomites were examined with a provisional set of 18 typing phages. Seventy (59.3%) of these strains were typed using phage concentrations of 100 times routine test dilution. The remainder were nontypable. Thirty-six (30.5%) of the strains were of related phage types, 71/108/275A/459 and 71/108/275A. These latter strains were associated with clinical S. epidermidis endocarditis in patients with prosthetic valve replacements. Ninety-eight strains were characterized by the Baird-Parket biotyping schema. Eighty-three (84.7%) were biotype 1, and the majority (68.4%) of these were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, methicillin, cephalothin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Type 71, 71/108/275A/459, 71/108/275A and 71/108/275/459 strains were generally resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and methicillin, whereas a less consistent resistance pattern was noted among miscellaneous and nontypable strains.

Download Full-text

Diversity of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Structures in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus Strains among Outpatients from Four Countries

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00724-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 442-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Etienne Ruppé ◽

François Barbier ◽

Yasmine Mesli ◽

Aminata Maiga ◽

Radu Cojocaru ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Nasal Carriage ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Staphylococcus Haemolyticus ◽

Type Iv ◽

Staphylococcus Cohnii ◽

Staphylococcus Hominis ◽

Type V ◽

Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome

ABSTRACT In staphylococci, methicillin (meticillin) resistance (MR) is mediated by the acquisition of the mecA gene, which is carried on the size and composition variable staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). MR has been extensively studied in Staphylococcus aureus, but little is known about MR coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS). Here, we describe the diversity of SCCmec structures in MR-CoNS from outpatients living in countries with contrasting environments: Algeria, Mali, Moldova, and Cambodia. Their MR-CoNS nasal carriage rates were 29, 17, 11, and 31%, respectively. Ninety-six MR-CoNS strains, comprising 75 (78%) Staphylococcus epidermidis strains, 19 (20%) Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains, 1 (1%) Staphylococcus hominis strain, and 1 (1%) Staphylococcus cohnii strain, were analyzed. Eighteen different SCCmec types were observed, with 28 identified as type IV (29%), 25 as type V (26%), and 1 as type III (1%). Fifteen strains (44%) were untypeable for their SCCmec. Thirty-four percent of MR-CoNS strains contained multiple ccr copies. Type IV and V SCCmec were preferentially associated with S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus, respectively. MR-CoNS constitute a widespread and highly diversified MR reservoir in the community.

Download Full-text

Bacteriophage Typing of Shigella Sonnei and its Limitations in Epidemiological Investigation

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400000516 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 54-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

G. H. Tee

Keyword(s):

Phage Type ◽

Standard Technique ◽

Shigella Sonnei ◽

Phage Typing ◽

Epidemiological Investigation ◽

Routine Procedure ◽

Bacteriophage Typing ◽

Phage Types

SummaryAn investigation into the classification of strains of Shigella sonneiby the method of phage-typing (using unadapted bacteriophages) is described.829 strains, obtained during 3 years from twelve regions in England (including Monmouthshire) were examined by a standard technique. There were fifty-two outbreaks (involving 587 strains) from which two or more strains were isolated.Results confirmed the finding by Hammarström in Sweden that such classification was possible, strains falling into twenty phage-types of which thirteen were found more than once. All strains were typable, 74% belonging to the same type. In forty-seven outbreaks the phage-type was uniform, the commonest type occurring in thirty-eight of these. In five outbreaks the phage-type was not uniform.It is concluded that this method of phage-typing, because of evidence of type instability and because the majority of strains belong to the same phage-type, has little practical value as a routine procedure in the control of Sonne dysentery in this country.

Download Full-text

Intraoperative Bacterial Contamination and Activity of Different Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Regimens in Primary Knee and Hip Replacement

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10010018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 18

Author(s):

Alba Rivera ◽

Alba Sánchez ◽

Sonia Luque ◽

Isabel Mur ◽

Lluís Puig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hip Replacement ◽

Bacterial Contamination ◽

Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Joint Infections ◽

Prosthetic Joint ◽

Prosthetic Joint Infections ◽

Total Knee ◽

Surgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽

Almost All

Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) is important for the prevention of prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) and must be effective against the microorganisms most likely to contaminate the surgical site. Our aim was to compare different SAP regimens (cefazolin, cefuroxime, or vancomycin, alone or combined with gentamicin) in patients undergoing total knee (TKA) and hip (THA) arthroplasty. In this preclinical exploratory analysis, we analyzed the results of intraoperative sample cultures, the ratio of plasma antibiotic levels to the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for bacteria isolated at the surgical wound and ATCC strains, and serum bactericidal titers (SBT) against the same microorganisms. A total of 132 surgical procedures (68 TKA, 64 THA) in 128 patients were included. Cultures were positive in 57 (43.2%) procedures (mostly for coagulase-negative staphylococci and Cutibacterium spp.); the rate was lower in the group of patients receiving combination SAP (adjusted OR 0.475, CI95% 0.229–0.987). The SAP regimens evaluated achieved plasma levels above the MICs in almost all of intraoperative isolates (93/94, 98.9%) and showed bactericidal activity against all of them (SBT range 1:8–1:1024), although SBTs were higher in patients receiving cefazolin and gentamicin-containing regimens. The potential clinical relevance of these findings in the prevention of PJIs remains to be determined.

Download Full-text

Prevalence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens in Canadian Hospitals: Results of the Canadian Ward Surveillance Study (CANWARD 2008)

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00469-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 54 (11) ◽

pp. 4684-4693 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

George G. Zhanel ◽

Melanie DeCorby ◽

Heather Adam ◽

Michael R. Mulvey ◽

Melissa McCracken ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Surveillance Study ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Clinical Specimens ◽

E Coli ◽

Polymyxin E ◽

Resistance Rates

ABSTRACT A total of 5,282 bacterial isolates obtained between 1 January and 31 December 31 2008, inclusive, from patients in 10 hospitals across Canada as part of the Canadian Ward Surveillance Study (CANWARD 2008) underwent susceptibility testing. The 10 most common organisms, representing 78.8% of all clinical specimens, were as follows: Escherichia coli (21.4%), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA; 13.9%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.0%), coagulase-negative staphylococci/Staphylococcus epidermidis (5.4%), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; 5.1%), Haemophilus influenzae (4.1%), Enterococcus spp. (3.3%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.2%). MRSA comprised 27.0% (272/1,007) of all S. aureus isolates (genotypically, 68.8% of MRSA were health care associated [HA-MRSA] and 27.6% were community associated [CA-MRSA]). Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli occurred in 4.9% of E. coli isolates. The CTX-M type was the predominant ESBL, with CTX-M-15 the most prevalent genotype. MRSA demonstrated no resistance to ceftobiprole, daptomycin, linezolid, telavancin, tigecycline, or vancomycin (0.4% intermediate intermediate resistance). E. coli demonstrated no resistance to ertapenem, meropenem, or tigecycline. Resistance rates with P. aeruginosa were as follows: colistin (polymyxin E), 0.8%; amikacin, 3.5%; cefepime, 7.2%; gentamicin, 12.3%; fluoroquinolones, 19.0 to 24.1%; meropenem, 5.6%; piperacillin-tazobactam, 8.0%. A multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype occurred frequently in P. aeruginosa (5.9%) but uncommonly in E. coli (1.2%) and K. pneumoniae (0.9%). In conclusion, E. coli, S. aureus (MSSA and MRSA), P. aeruginosa, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and Enterococcus spp. are the most common isolates recovered from clinical specimens in Canadian hospitals. The prevalence of MRSA was 27.0% (of which genotypically 27.6% were CA-MRSA), while ESBL-producing E. coli occurred in 4.9% of isolates. An MDR phenotype was common in P. aeruginosa.

Download Full-text

Molecular epidemiology of catheter-related bloodstream infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci in haematological patients with neutropenia

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268804002584 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 132 (5) ◽

pp. 921-925 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

M. MÜLLER-PREMRU ◽

P. ČERNELČ

Keyword(s):

Blood Culture ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Bloodstream Infections ◽

Venous Catheter ◽

Blood Cultures ◽

Peripheral Vein ◽

Central Venous ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Haematological Patients

Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) is common in haematological patients with febrile neutropenia. As the clinical signs of CRBSI are usually scarce and it is difficult to differentiate from blood culture contamination, we tried to confirm CRBSI by molecular typing of CNS isolated from paired blood cultures (one from a peripheral vein and another from the central venous catheter hub). Blood cultures were positive in 59 (36%) out of 163 patients. CNS were isolated in 24 (40%) patients; in 14 from paired blood cultures (28 isolates) and in 10 from a single blood culture. CNS from paired blood cultures were identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined and bacteria were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of bacterial genomic DNA. In 13 patients, the antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was identical. The PFGE patterns from paired blood cultures were identical or closely related in 10 patients, thus confirming the presence of CRBSI. In the remaining four patients they were unrelated, and suggested a mixed infection or contamination. Since CNS isolates from three patients had identical PFGE patterns, they were probably nosocomially spread amongst them.

Download Full-text

High-Dose Daptomycin Is Effective as an Antibiotic Lock Therapy in a Rabbit Model of Staphylococcus epidermidis Catheter-Related Infection

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01777-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jana Basas ◽

Marta Palau ◽

Carlos Ratia ◽

José L. del Pozo ◽

María Teresa Martín-Gómez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Rabbit Model ◽

Bloodstream Infections ◽

High Dose ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Poor Patient ◽

Lock Therapy ◽

Antibiotic Lock ◽

High Treatment

ABSTRACT Long-term catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) involving coagulase-negative staphylococci are associated with poor patient outcomes, increased hospitalization, and high treatment costs. The use of vancomycin lock therapy has been an important step forward in treatment of these biofilms, although failures occur in 20% of patients. In this study, we report that a high dose of daptomycin lock therapy may offer a therapeutic advantage for these CRBSIs in just 24 h of treatment.

Download Full-text