A case-control study of airborne dissemination of bacteria during CT colonography

2021 ◽  
pp. 20210607
Author(s):  
Alasdair Taylor ◽  
Craig Williams ◽  
Amy Brown
Keyword(s):  
Ct Colonography ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Control Study

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of aerosol spread of infection. We have conducted a study to detect bacterial contamination of room surfaces and room air during CT colonography and confirm the efficacy of room disinfection procedures carried out between examinations. Methods: Systematic sampling of the CT examination couch and horizontal surfaces 1 m and 3 m from the couch was performed before and after patient examinations. A 1 m3 sample of room air was obtained during patient examinations. Samples were processed using routine laboratory methods. A case–control study design was used (30 CT colonography and 30 routine body CT scans). Results: Evidence of airborne dissemination of bacteria was detected in >30% of CT colonography examinations and <10% of control examinations (p = 0.01). No pathogenic bacteria were detected in surface samples taken before patient examinations. Conclusion: The room disinfection policy in use in our CT department is effective in eliminating pathogenic bacteria from surfaces in the patient environment. CT colonography causes contamination of room air with enteric bacteria in a significant proportion of cases. Advances in knowledge: CT colonography may possibly be an aerosol-generating procedure. Larger-scale investigation is needed to fully evaluate this potential infection risk.

scholarly journals Familial, Social and Environmental Risk Factors in Autism: A Case-Control Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Jahan ◽  
SZR Rezina Parvin ◽  
D Bugum
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Delay Group ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Autism Group ◽  
Control Study

This case-control study was done to identify the correlation between the familial, social and environmental risk factors and autism. This hospital and specialized centre based study done from January 2002 to November, 2004. Thirty two children from the autism group and 14 children from the control group were enrolled. Mean age were 3.75 yrs. and 2.83 yrs. respectively. Significant proportion of children were in the highest birth orders, 68.8% in autism and 78.6% in the control group. Full term children were 96.9% and 92.9% respectively. 53.1% children in the autism and 57.1% in the normal speech delay group were born by cesarean sections. Higher education of parents in autism group was statistically significant (p<0.05). Too much watching TV, inadequate opportunity to mix with peers and inadequate interactive relationship with the family members in the early childhood were significantly (p= 0.001) related to the development of autism.Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40 (3): 113-117

scholarly journals Cyclone Idai as a Trigger for Pellagra Outbreak in Nhamatanda, Mozambique: A Case–Control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vánio André Mugabe ◽  
Arlete Mahumane ◽  
Cynthia Semá ◽  
Érika Valeska Rossetto ◽  
Crescêncio Sequeira Nhabomba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Method ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Perceived Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Control Study

In mid-June 2019, 3 months after cyclone Idai landfall in Mozambique, health authorities of Nhamatanda district reported an outbreak of Pellagra. Applying a mixed-method protocol, we carried out an investigation to characterize cases of pellagra, identify the associated factors for the outbreak using a case–control study, and explore the perceived impact on food security (availability, access, and usage) before and after Idai. We collected data from 121 cases and 121 controls and conducted in-depth interviews with 69 heads of households. The cases were more likely to be female (P < 0.01) and less educated (P < 0.01) than controls. Insufficient consumption of chicken and peanut before cyclone Idai arrival were statistically associated with pellagra (P < 0.05). From interviewed households’ heads, 51% were experiencing food shortages even before the cyclone hit. Cyclone Idai served as a trigger to reduce niacin consumption below the threshold that protected Nhamatanda population from pellagra and caused a ≈2,300 case (707.9/100,000 inhabitants) outbreak.

scholarly journals Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine impact assessment in Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah H. Baqui ◽  
Eric D. McCollum ◽  
Samir K. Saha ◽  
Arun K. Roy ◽  
Nabidul H. Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Incident Case ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Study

The study examines the impact of the introduction of 10-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV10) into Bangladesh’s national vaccine program. PCV10 is administered to children under 1 year-old; the scheduled ages of administration are at 6, 10, and 18 weeks. The study is conducted in ~770,000 population containing ~90,000 <5 children in Sylhet, Bangladesh and has five objectives: 1) To collect data on community-based pre-PCV incidence rates of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) in 0-59 month-old children in Sylhet, Bangladesh; 2) To evaluate the effectiveness of PCV10 introduction on Vaccine Type (VT) IPD in 3-59 month-old children using an incident case-control study design. Secondary aims include measuring the effects of PCV10 introduction on all IPD in 3-59 month-old children using case-control study design, and quantifying the emergence of Non Vaccine Type IPD; 3) To evaluate the effectiveness of PCV10 introduction on chest radiograph-confirmed pneumonia in children 3-35 months old using incident case-control study design. We will estimate the incidence trend of clinical and radiologically-confirmed pneumonia in 3-35 month-old children in the study area before and after introduction of PCV10; 4) To determine the feasibility and utility of lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia in a large sample of children in a resource-limited setting. We will also evaluate the effectiveness of PCV10 introduction on ultrasound-confirmed pneumonia in 3-35 month-old children using an incident case-control design and to examine the incidence trend of ultrasound-confirmed pneumonia in 3-35 month-old children in the study area before and after PCV10 introduction; and 5) To determine the direct and indirect effects of vaccination status on nasopharyngeal colonization on VT pneumococci among children with pneumonia.  This paper presents the methodology. The study will allow us to conduct a comprehensive and robust assessment of the impact of national introduction of PCV10 on pneumococcal disease in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Clinical Manifestations of Primary Hyperparathyroidism Before and After Parathyroidectomy A Case-Control Study

1995 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen K. Chan ◽  
Quan-Yang Duh ◽  
Mitchell H. Katz ◽  
Allan E. Slperstein ◽  
Orlo H. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Primary Hyperparathyroidism ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Biliary Sludge: A Risk Factor for ‘Idiopathic’ Pancreatitis?

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J Marotta ◽  
James C Gregor ◽  
Donald H Taves
Keyword(s):  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Idiopathic Pancreatitis ◽  
Biliary Sludge ◽  
Idiopathic Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Control Study

Idiopathic acute pancreatitis is common. Recent evidence suggests that biliary sludge may be the etiology in many patients with this disorder. In this case-control study, admission ultrasound examinations of patients with idiopathic pancreatitis, patients with acute alcohol-associated pancreatitis and a control group were compared. Biliary sludge was found in seven of 21 patients (33%) with idiopathic pancreatitis, two of 25 (8%) with acute alcohol-associated pancreatitis and one of 63 controls (1.6%). Comparison of idiopathic pancreatitis patients with both acute alcohol-associated pancreatitis patients and controls for the presence of sludge revealed odds ratios of 31.0 (95% CI 3.5 to 273) and 5.8 (95% CI 1.1 to 32.0), respectively. Also observed was a trend towards higher levels of liver enzymes, bilirubin and amylase in patients with idiopathic pancreatitis who had sludge identified. This study provides further evidence linking biliary sludge with a significant proportion of patients with idiopathic acute pancreatitis.

Utilization Patterns of Ambulatory Medical Care before and after the Diagnosis of Dementia in Germany – Results of a Case-Control Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 475-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Eisele ◽  
Hendrik van den Bussche ◽  
Daniela Koller ◽  
Birgitt Wiese ◽  
Hanna Kaduszkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Diagnosis Of Dementia ◽  
Utilization Patterns ◽  
Ambulatory Medical Care ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Control of endemic nosocomial Legionnaires' disease by using sterile potable water for high risk patients

1991 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Marrie ◽  
D. Haldane ◽  
S. Macdonald ◽  
K. Clarke ◽  
C. Fanning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Nasogastric Tubes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYIn a setting where potable water is contaminated with Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, we performed two case control studies. The first case control study consisted of 17 cases of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease (LD) and 33 control (the patients who were admitted to the ward where the case was admitted immediately before and after the case) subjects. Cases had a higher mortality rate 65% vs 12% (P < 0.004); were more likely to have received assisted ventilation (P < 0.00001); to have nasogastric tubes (P < 0.0004) and to be receiving corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapy (P < 0.0001). Based on the results of this study, sterile water was used to flush nasogastric tubes and to dilute nasogastric feeds. Only 3 cases of nosocomial LD occurred during the next year compared with 12 the previous year (P < 0.0001). Nine cases subsequently occurred and formed the basis for the second case-control study. Eighteen control subjects were those patients admitted to the same unit where the case developed LD, immediately before and after the case. The mortality rate for the cases was 89% vs 6% for controls (P < 0.00003). The only other significant difference was that cases were more likely to be receiving corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapy 89% vs 39% ( < 0.01). We hypothesized that microaspiration of contaminated potable water by immunocompromised patients was a risk factor for nosocomial Legionnaires' disease. From 17 March 1989 onwards such patients were given only sterile potable water. Only two cases of nosocomial LD occurred from June 1989 to September 1990 and both occurred on units where the sterile water policy was not in effect. We conclude that aspiration of contaminated potable water is a possible route for acquisition of nosocomial LD in our hospital and that provision of sterile potable water to high risk patients (those who are receiving corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive drugs; organ transplant recipients or hospitalized in an intensive care unit) should be mandatory.

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