scholarly journals Study on the Material and Deterioration Characteristics of the Stone Seated Buddha Triad and Stone Standing Buddha in Bijung-ri, Cheongju, Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 778-790
Author(s):  
Ji Hyun Yoo ◽  
Myoungju Choie ◽  
Myeong Seong Lee ◽  
Yuri Kim

The Stone Seated Buddha Triad and Stone Standing Buddha in Bijung-ri are state-designated heritage (treasure) statues having the Buddha style of the Goryeo dynasty from the 6th century. Conservation scientific investigations were conducted to understand the preservation status of these stone Buddha statues and to establish a conservation plan. The Stone Seated Buddha Triad and Stone Standing Buddha are composed of fine-medium grained biotite granite, which is considered to be of the same origin owing to their low magnetic susceptibility distribution of less than 0.2 (×10-3 SI unit) and similar mineral characteristics. The Stone Seated Buddha Triad has highly homogenous mineral composition and particle size, whole-rock magnetic susceptibility, and geochemical characteristics very similar to those of the nearby outcrop. It was confirmed that a combination of physical, chemical, and biological factors affects the Stone Buddha statues. In particular, both the Stone Seated Buddha Triad and Stone Standing Buddha tend to be chipped off from the front and cracked and scaled from the back. The Stone Standing Buddha located outdoors experiences granularity decomposition and black algae formation, which accelerate the weathering under unfavorable conservation environments. The result of non-destructive physical property diagnosis using ultrasonic velocity showed that both the Stone Seated Buddha Triad and Stone Standing Buddha have been completely weathered (CW), indicating very poor physical properties.

2007 ◽  
Vol SpecialIssue ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
W. Lin ◽  
T. Hirono ◽  
E.-C. Yeh ◽  
W. Tanikawa ◽  
W. Soh

As an example of core analysis carried out inactive fault drilling programs, we report the procedures of core handling on the drilling site and non-destructive characterization in the laboratory. This analysis was employed onthe core samples taken from HoleBof the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project (TCDP), which penetrated through the active fault that slipped during the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. We show results of the non-destructive physical property measurements carried out at the Kochi Core Center (KCC), Japan. Distinct anomalies of lower bulk density and higher magnetic susceptibilitywere recognized in all three fault zones encountered in HoleB. To keep the core samples in good condition before they are used for variousanalyses is crucial. In addition, careful planning for core handlingand core analyses is necessary for successfulinvestigations. <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/:10.2204/iodp.sd.s01.35.2007" target="_blank">:10.2204/iodp.sd.s01.35.2007</a>


2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Prikhodko ◽  
C. Fischer ◽  
R. Boytner ◽  
M. C. Lozada ◽  
M. Uribe ◽  
...  

Variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VPSEM) coupled with other non-destructive analytical methods, such as energy dispersive (EDS) and Raman spectroscopy (RS) offers new capabilities for non-invasive imaging and chemical characterization of archaeological materials. This article underlines the application of VPSEM-EDS-RS on bioarchaeological specimens of pre-Columbian mummies from the Tarapacá Valley in northern Chile. The aim of the scientific investigations is to identify nonanatomical features and to provide qualitative and quantitative information at molecular levels, complementing the morphological record from studies in physical anthropology, in an effort to understand mortuary practices in the Tarapacá Valley and the effects of the burial environment in the preservation of mummified human remains.


Geophysics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1419-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas W. Oldenburg ◽  
Yaoguo Li ◽  
Robert G. Ellis

In this paper, we invert magnetic, DC resistivity, induced polarization (IP), and airborne electromagnetic (EM) data from the Mt. Milligan copper‐gold porphyry deposit and jointly interpret the inversion results with available geological and mineralization data. The inversions are carried out over an area that encloses an intrusive stock, known as the MBX Stock, and the resulting mineralization zone surrounding it. The earth model is discretized into a large number of cells having constant physical properties, and distributions of magnetic susceptibility, conductivity, and chargeability are obtained by minimizing a model objective function subject to adequately fitting the corresponding data. A 3-D magnetic susceptibility model is obtained directly by inverting surface total field anomaly data. 3-D conductivity and chargeability models are formed by compositing 2-D sections recovered by inverting DC/IP pole‐dipole data. The airborne EM data are inverted with a 1-D algorithm and composited into a 3-D conductivity model. The physical property models are compared with a rock model constructed from geologic information from 600 drill holes and with a 3-D model of gold concentration. The physical property models have features that correlate with various geologic boundaries and rock units. More notably, the recovered chargeability and susceptibility seem to reflect the distribution of mineralization: chargeability highs coincide with the greatest gold concentration, while the susceptibility displays an anticorrelation with it. Overall, our inversion results are consistent with the geology and mineralization models for the Cu-Au porphyry deposit, while the anticorrelation between gold concentration and susceptibility provides an important constraint that helps define the distribution and geochemical control of the orebody.


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Martínez ◽  
Ángel Castillo

Resumen El hipódromo de la Zarzuela, declarado patrimonio histórico nacional, fue construido en Madrid en los años 40, y es una obra del Ingeniero Eduardo Torroja y los arquitectos Arniches y Domínguez. Las cubiertas de su estructura son consideradas un arte desde el punto de vista ingenieril. A pesar del perfecto y genial equilibrio físico y mecánico, se iniciaron procesos físicos y físico-químicos de deterioro en su composición debido al largo periodo de exposición de la estructura a la acción climática y al ataque de los agentes agresivos atmosféricos, entre los cuales se destaca como principal patología la corrosión por carbonatación de su armadura embebida. Dada la importancia de la obra desde el punto de vista artístico, histórico y de seguridad, las autoridades correspondientes decidieron su rehabilitación. En este proyecto de reparación se contempló la instalación de un sistema de monitorización de medidas continuas, mediante sensores electroquímicos pasivos, capaces de indicar el riesgo de corrosión en la armadura embebida de la estructura. De este modo, es posible controlar el comportamiento del material frente a la interacción con la acción atmosférica y prever la posible necesidad de intervenciones de mantenimiento, evitando el avance del deterioro con rapidez y garantías. La implementación de la monitorización requirió de una evaluación mediante técnicas electroquímicas no-destructivas del grado de deterioro previo a la intervención, para poder estudiar la evolución del comportamiento de la estructura después de la reparación. En el presente trabajo, se presentan los resultados obtenidos tanto en la evaluación electroquímica previa en las cubiertas del Hipódromo de la Zarzuela, como su posterior monitorización durante casi 10 años. Se presenta también la viabilidad del sistema de monitorización y su fiabilidad con el tiempo. Abstract La Zarzuela racecourse, declared a national historical heritage, was built in Madrid in the 1940s, and is a work by EngineerEduardo Torroja and the architects Arniches and Domínguez. The covers of its structure are considered an art from the engineeringpoint of view. Despite the perfect and ingenious physical and mechanical balance, physical and physical-chemical processes ofdeterioration in its composition were initiated due to the long period of exposure of the structure to climatic action and the attack ofaggressive atmospheric agents, among which the main pathology is the corrosion by carbonation of its embedded armor. Given theimportance of the work from the artistic, historical and security point of view, the corresponding authorities decided on itsrehabilitation. In this repair project, the installation of a continuous measurement monitoring system was contemplated, using passiveelectrochemical sensors, capable of indicating the risk of corrosion in the structure's embedded reinforcement. In this way, it is possibleto control the behavior of the material against the interaction with atmospheric action and to foresee the possible need for maintenanceinterventions, avoiding the advance of deterioration with speed and guarantees. The implementation of the monitoring required anevaluation by non-destructive electrochemical techniques of the degree of deterioration prior to the intervention, in order to study theevolution of the behavior of the structure after the repair. In the present work, the results obtained in the previous electrochemicalevaluation on the decks of the Hipódromo de la Zarzuela are presented, as well as their subsequent monitoring for almost 10 years.The viability of the monitoring system and its reliability over time are also presented.


2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Zananiri ◽  
D. Kondopoulou

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is a physical property of rocks widely used in petrofabric studies and other applications. It is based on the measurement of low-field magnetic susceptibility in different directions along a sample. From this process several scalar properties arise, defining the magnitude and symmetry of the AMS ellipsoid, along with the magnetic foliation, namely the magnetic fabric. Imaging the sense of magma flow in dykes is an important task for volcanology; the magnetic fabric provides a fast and accurate way to infer this flow direction. Moreover, the AMS technique can be used in order to distinguish sills and dykes, a task that is almost impossible by using only field observations. Finally in the case of lava flows, the method can be applied to define the local flow conditions and to indicate the position of the "paleo" source region. However, this technique is quite new in Greece. Some preliminary results from volcanic formations of continental Greece and Southern Aegean are presented (Aegina, Almopia, Elatia, Gavra, Kos, Patmos, Samos, Samothraki and Santorini).


2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph J. Enkin

Rock physical properties provide the link between geophysical surveys and their geological interpretation. The British Columbia rock physical properties database, compiled by the Geological Survey of Canada, now comprises 3876 values of density, 930 values of electric resistivity, 12 356 values of magnetic susceptibility, and 2576 values of magnetic remanence and Koenigsberger ratio. The measurements are linked to sample locations, lithologies, and geological formation or unit. Maps, histograms, and biplots are used to demonstrate useful links between lithology and physical properties, and serve as a background for future rock physical properties studies. As expected, density and resistivity are controlled mostly by porosity and mineralogy. Magnetic susceptibility has a bimodal distribution (maxima at 4 × 10−4 and 2 × 10−2 SI) controlled by magnetite concentration. Magnetic remanence is shown to be more important than usually considered in magnetic survey analysis, with Koenigsberger ratios greater than unity in 42% of the samples. A case study of the Chilcotin Group basalts is highlighted, as they form a significant barrier to mineral exploration in central British Columbia. These rocks are magnetically distinct from other basalts in British Columbia, distinguished by magnetic susceptibilities having a range of values concentrated around 3 × 10−3 SI and falling in the valley between the two susceptibility modes. These basalts are also characterized by very high Koenigsberger ratios (96% above unity), probably caused by a preponderance of fine-grained single-domain magnetite. The database provides a wealth of petrophysical properties that can help constrain analysis of several types of geophysical surveys and, in particular, modelling of anomalies in the quest to determine the three-dimensional distribution of rock units.


2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Tommy Naibaho ◽  
Lukman Arifin

Peta anomali magnetik menunjukkan bahwa perairan Bangka Belitung dicirikan oleh pasangan tinggian dan rendahan panjang gelombang anomali dengan amplitudo -200 nT—500nT. Sedangkan dari peta distribusi kerentanan magnetik, tinggian magnetik Belitung dibatasi oleh nilai kerentanan magnetik antara 0,001 cgs unit dan 0,003 cgs unit. Anomali positip rendah dicirikan oleh nilai kerentanan magnetik batuan antara 0,001-0,003 cgs unit merupakan benda intrusif bawah laut yang diduga berupa pluton granitik jenis granit-biotit yang berasosiasi dengan mineral kasiterit. Pluton granitik tersebut sama seperti granit yang berafiliasi dengan endapan timah di daratan Pulau Belitung. Misalnya singkapan granit yang terdapat di sekitar pantai Gembira yang menunjukkan tipe granit biotit porfiritik dengan fenokris ortoklas. Kata Kunci: anomali magnetik, kerentanan magnetik, granit, Bangka Belitung Magnetic anomaly map shows that the Bangka Belitung waters are characterized by a pair of hight and low long-wave amplitude anomalies values of -200 nT—500 nT. While the distribution map of magnetic susceptibility magnetic high of Belitung is limited magnetic susceptibility values of 0.001 cgs units and 0.003 cgs units. Positive anomaly of low magnetic is characterized susceptibility values between 0.001 to 0.003 cgs units suggested as a body of submerged intrusive rock body granitic plutons of granite biotite type associated with casiterite mineral. Granitic plutons are the same as granite affiliated with tin deposits in the mainland island of Belitung. For example there are granite outcrops around the Gembira coast that shows the type of porphyritic biotite granite with phenocrysts ortoclas. Keywords: Magnetic anomaly, magnetic susceptibility, granite, Bangka Belitung


2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pungky Sampurno ◽  
Rina Zuraida ◽  
Nazar Nurdin ◽  
Luli Gustiantini ◽  
Noor Cahyo Dwi Aryanto

Study of elemental composition in sediment has been proven useful in interpreting the depositional environmental changes. Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) is a non-destructive analysis that measures several parameters in sediment core including magnetic susceptibility and elemental composition. Magnetic susceptibility and elemental analysis were measured in four selected marine sediment cores from western part of Bangka Strait (MBB-67. MBB-119, MBB-120 and MBB-173) by using magnetic susceptibility and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) sensors attached to the MSCL. The data was collected within 2 cm interval. Scatter plots of Y/Zr and Zr/Ti show singular trend demonstrated by sediments from MBB-173 and two groups that composed of MBB-67 (Group 1) and MBB-119 + MBB-120 (Group 2). MBB-67 that is located adjacent to Klabat Granite shows upward changes in mineralogy, slight increase of grain size and negligible change in Y concentration. Cores MBB-119 and MBB-120 are inferred to be deposited during regression that resulted in the accummulation of Y-bearing zircon in MBB-119 before the mineral could reach MBB-120. Core MBB-173 is interpreted to be the product of plagioclase weathering that is submerged by rising sea level. This core contains a horizon of rich Y-bearing zircon at 60 cm.Keywords: Multi Sensor Core Logger, X-Ray Fluorescence, magnetic susceptibility, depositional environment, Bangka Island Studi tentang komposisi unsur kimia dalam sedimen telah terbukti bermanfaat dalam interpretasi perubahan lingkungan pengendapan. Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) adalah sebuah analisis yang non-destructive, untuk mengukur beberapa parameter dalam bor sedimen termasuk suseptibilitas magnetik dan kandungan unsur. Suseptibilitas magnetik dan kandungan unsur diukur dari 4 bor sedimen laut yang terpilih di bagian barat Selat Bangka (MBB-67. MBB-119, MBB-120 and MBB-173) dengan menggunakan sensor suseptibilitas magnetik (MS) dan X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) yang terpasang pada MSCL. Pengukuran dilaksanakan dengan interval 2 cm. Plot Y/Zr dan Zr/Ti menunjukkan satu trend yang diperlihatkan oleh sedimen bor MBB-173 dan dua grup yang terdiri atas MBB-67 (Grup 1) dan MBB-119 + MBB-120 (Grup 2). Bor MBB-173 ditafsirkan sebagai hasil pelapukan plagioklas yang kemudian terendam air laut. Bor ini memperlihatkan horizon yang kaya akan zirkon pembawa yttrium pada kedalaman 60 cm.Kata kunci : Multi Sensor Core Logger, X-Ray Fluorescence, suseptibilitas magnetik, lingkungan pengendapan, Pulau Bangka


2001 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoko Takahashi

Buddhism presumes that all living beings suffer. Even the Buddha is said to have had a little illness and a little suffering (Daichido-ron: Kawada, 1975, p. 33). An ideal health in Buddhism is, therefore, not an absence of illness.The goal of Buddhism is to attain human happiness. The question is not if one has an illness or not but if a person is happy with or without being ill. Nichiren (MW. If. 5, p. 280) wrote to a woman (Myoshin-ama) in the face of her husband’s critical illness. “... illness does not necessarily result in death. Now, this illness of your husband’s may be due to the Buddha’s design, for the Vimalakirti and Nirvana sutras both speak of sick people attaining Buddhahood. From illness arises the mind that seeks the Way.” In chapter fifteen chapter of the Lotus Sutra, the four great bodhisattvas asked the Buddha: “Is the World-Honored One comfortable, with few illnesses, few worries?” The Buddha answered: “Just so, just so, good men! The Thus Come One (Buddha) is well and happy. with few i1Is and few worries.” (Watson, 1993, p. 214)“Health” in Buddhism is the life condition of the Bodhisattva. The Bodhisattva is basically healthy both physically and mentally. He wi1l become sick not because of his own weakness in his body or mind but because of the unhappiness of others. Bodhisattvas need training. They put themselves into circumstances where people are suffering, and physical, chemical, biological and psychological stresses are manifest (Kawada, 1983). Ikeda (1998) concludes: “Health means the life condition of the Bodhisattva. People are healthy when they dedicate themselves to others.” Rene Dubos (1959) said: “It is a lazy dream to imagine a life without anxiety and stress. Since human lives are dynamic processes, while the idea of utopia is static, it is useless to try to find a utopia on the earth.... Each human being fights not necessarily for the sake of himself, but for the emotional, intellectual, and ethical development of all human beings. To grow in the middle of danger itself is the law of life which is our destiny.” In other words, Buddhism puts emphasis on spiritual strength with a committed sense of mission or purpose of life through a compassionate action for others.


2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 1393
Author(s):  
I. ZANANIRI

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility is a physical property of the rocks widely used in petrofabric studies and other applications. It is based on the measurement of low-field magnetic susceptibility in different directions along the sample. From this process several scalar properties arise, defining the magnitude and symmetry of the AMS ellipsoid, along with the magnetic foliation and lineation, namely the magnetic fabric. A case study is presented, dealing with the deformation of the Mont-Louis-Andorra pluton. Finally, the method was applied in Tertiary magmatic rocks from the Rhodope Massif, revealing their magnetic character and internal structures.


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