scholarly journals Decomposition of Mehran and Piesch inequality measures by factor components and their application to the distribution of per capita household income in Brazil

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Military Personnel ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Inequality Decomposition ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Decomposition Procedure ◽  
Index Of Inequality ◽  
Per Capita

Inequality decomposition by factor components is extended to the Mehran and Piesch indices, comparing them with the decomposition of the Gini index, the squared coefficient of variation and the Theil's T coefficient. The decomposition procedure is applied to the distribution of per capita household income in Brazil in 1999, considering six components: earnings of civil servants and military personnel, earnings of other employees, earnings of self-employed workers, earnings of employers, pensions and, finally, all other incomes. One of the results is that for all the five measures used, the concentration ratio of pensions is higher than the overall index of inequality, indicating that this component is contributing to the increase in income inequality.

Changes in Income Distribution in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

Income inequality in Brazil, already high, increased after the military coup of 1964 and remained very high even after democratization in the 1980s. It decreased substantially in the period 2001–2014, after inflation was controlled. The Gini index of the per capita household income dropped from 0.594 in 2001 to 0.513 in 2014. The determinants of this decline in inequality are analyzed considering the components of that income and how each one affected changes in inequality, showing the impact of changes in the remuneration of private sector employees and in pensions paid by the government, as well as federal transfer programs. Changes in education lie behind the first of these effects, and the increase of the minimum wage reinforced all three. The economic crises after 2014 interrupted the process of decline, and among economically active persons, inequality even increased from 2014 to 2015. Measures to further reduce inequality are suggested.

Recent Trends in U.S. Earnings Inequality by Gender

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce P. Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Women's Earnings

This paper presents an overview of recent trends in U.S. earnings inequality with a focus on gender differences. Data from the 1980, 1990, and 2000 Censuses are used. Earnings and per capita household income inequality measures have risen from 1980 to 2000, both overall and among women and men separately. Theil index decompositions illustrate that within-gender inequality is rising. Simulations that treat women “more like men” in the labor market raise women’s earnings relative to men but also have the effect of increasing within-gender inequality for women.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Patterns and Influencing Mechanism of Urban Residential Energy Consumption in China

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3864
Author(s):  
Qiucheng Li ◽  
Jiang Hu ◽  
Bolin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Residential Energy ◽  
Residential Energy Consumption ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Influencing Mechanism ◽  
Per Capita

The residential sector has become the second largest energy consumer in China. Urban residential energy consumption (URE) in China is growing rapidly in the process of urbanization. This paper aims to reveal the spatiotemporal dynamic evolution and influencing mechanism of URE in China. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of URE during 2007–2018 is explored through Kernel density estimation and inequality measures (i.e., Gini coefficient, Theil index, and mean logarithmic deviation). Then, with several advantages over traditional index decomposition analysis approaches, the Generalized Divisia Index Method (GDIM) decomposition is employed to investigate the impacts of eight driving factors on URE. Furthermore, the national and provincial decoupling relationships between URE and residential income increase are studied. It is found that different provinces’ URE present a significant agglomeration effect; the interprovincial inequality in URE increases and then decreases during the study period. The GDIM decomposition results indicate the income effect is the main positive factor driving URE. Besides, urban population, residential area, per capita energy use, and per unit area energy consumption positively influence URE. By contrast, per capita income, energy intensity, and residential density have negative effects on URE. There is evidence that only three decoupling states, i.e., weak decoupling, strong decoupling, and expansive negative decoupling, appear in China during 2007–2018. Specifically, weak decoupling is the dominant state among different regions. Finally, some suggestions are given to speed up the construction of energy-saving cities and promote the decoupling process of residential energy consumption in China. This paper fills some research gaps in urban residential energy research and is important for China’s policymakers.

scholarly journals Association between socioeconomic status and dental caries among Chinese preschool children: a cross-sectional national study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e042908
Author(s):  
Tingting Zhang ◽  
Jialan Hong ◽  
Xueting Yu ◽  
Qiulin Liu ◽  
Andi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Index Of Inequality

ObjectivesSocioeconomic inequalities in oral health are often neglected in oral health promotion. This cross-sectional study assessed the association between dental caries and socioeconomic status (SES) among preschool children in China.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingData from the Fourth National Oral Health Survey of China (2015), comprising of 40 360 children aged 3–5 years was used.MethodsDental caries indicators including prevalence of dental caries, dental pain experience and number of decayed, missing and filling teeth (dmft). SES indicators included parental education and household income. The associations between SES and dental caries were analysed by using negative binomial regression or Poisson regression models according to data distribution. Relative and absolute inequalities in dental caries were quantified by using the Relative Index of Inequality (RII) and Slope Index of Inequality (SII), respectively.ResultsThere were significant associations between SES and prevalence of dental caries and dmft (p<0.001). Children from lower educated (RII 1.36, 95% CI 1.3 to 1.43; SII 0.97, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.13) and lower household income (RII 1.17, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.24; SII 0.55, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.75) families had higher dmft than those from well-educated and most affluent families. Relative and absolute inequalities in dental caries were larger in urban areas by household income, and in rural areas by parental education.ConclusionsAssociation between dental caries and SES was demonstrated and socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries existed among Chinese preschool children.

The Contest for Olympic Success as a Public Good

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loek Groot
Keyword(s):  
Lorenz Curve ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
World Population ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Lorenz Curve ◽  
Rich Countries

In this study it is demonstrated that standard income inequality measures, such as the Lorenz curve and the Gini index, can successfully be applied to the distribution of Olympic success. Olympic success is distributed very unevenly, with the rich countries capturing a disproportionately higher share compared to their world population share, which suggests that the Olympic Games do not provide a level playing field. The actual distribution of Olympic success is compared with alternative hypothetical distributions, among which are chosen the distribution according to population shares, the welfare optimal distribution under the assumption of zero government expenditures, and the non-cooperating Nash-Cournot distribution. By way of conclusion, a device is proposed to make the distribution of Olympic success more equitable.

scholarly journals Determinant of The Poverty in The Moslem Countries: Ibn Khaldun Development Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Dian Paisal Putra ◽  
Indra Indra
Keyword(s):  
Gini Index ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Corruption Perception Index ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Corruption Perception ◽  
Per Capita

This current paper examined the determinant of the poverty in the OIC countries. Our empirical model was based on Ibn Khaldun development model that emphasizes several aspects, namely: the country's wealth (proxied by GDP per capita), the role of government (proxied by health and education expenditures), human resources (proxied by HDI), sharia (proxied by corruption perception index), development (proxied by investment), and justice (proxied by Gini index). We used panel data model consisting nine OIC countries over 2003-2012. This study verified that GDP per capita significantly contribute to the reduction of poverty in the OIC countries. We also found that unemployment (as a control variable) encountered a role in triggering poverty in OIC countries. Meanwhile, it found that education expenditure, Gini index, HDI, and Corruption Perception Index found no significant effect on poverty. DOI:  10.15408/sjie.v5i1.3130 

scholarly journals Economic Development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhina Vadyza
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Production Factor ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Capita Output

Economic growth is a process of increasing per capita output that occurs continuously in the long run. Economic growth is one indicator of the success of development. Increasingly increasing economic growth usually increases people's welfare. While economic development is an effort to increase per capita income by processing potential economic forces into the real economy through investment, increasing knowledge, increasing skills, using technology, adding management skills and organizing.Economic growth is also related to the increase in "per capita output". The theory must include theories about GDP growth and theories about population growth. Then the third aspect is economic growth in a long-term perspective, that is, if for a long period of time the per capita output shows an increasing tendency.The distribution of income distribution in Indonesia is increasingly uneven. This can be seen from the increasing Indonesian Gini Index. As is known, the Gini index measures the income distribution of a country. The size of the Gini index Between 0 (zero) to 1 (one), the Gini index Equal to 0 (zero) indicates the index that the income distribution is perfectly equal, while the Gini index is 1 (one ) shows that the income distribution is totally uneven. Based on the data, the Indonesian Gini index continues to increase from year to year.The state of income distribution in Indonesia since 1970 can be said not to improve, this is caused by many factors, including the First production factor market (input market) which is the increase in labor supply which results in excess labor, low labor wages and limited employment opportunities in urban areas resulting in unemployment and urban slums.Second, land ownership. Land distribution is the main determinant of the extent of poverty and income distribution.

scholarly journals GLOBAL PRODUCTION CONCENTRATION OF MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD (MDF) (1995 - 2016)

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaisa de Sousa Selvatti ◽  
Luis Antônio Coimbra Borges ◽  
Helena Cristina Carvalho Soares ◽  
Álvaro Nogueira de Souza ◽  
Luiz Moreira Coelho Junior
Keyword(s):  
Gini Index ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Medium Density Fiberboard ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
The World ◽  
Concentration Degree ◽  
Production Concentration

ABSTRACT This papaer analyzed the global MDF production and its concentration degree between 1995 and 2016. In order to measure and analyze this concentration, we used the Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Theil Entropy Index (E), Hall and Tideman Index (HTI), the Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI), and the Gini Index (G). Global MDF production grew 12.81% p.a. from 1995 to 2016, reaching 99 million m3 at the end of the time series. China took over the hegemony in 2001 and arrived in 2016 with about 60% of the world’s MDF supply. The CR(k) of the global MDF production inferred a high concentration, mainly in the CR(4) from 2009. The CR(8) remained with a moderately high average concentration. During this period more than 90% of the offer was retained in the CR(20). The HHI, E and HTI indices corroborate that there is high concentration in global MDF production, as well as the CCI in the studied period. The inequality indicated by G also presented increasing behavior and was classified as strong and very strong. The concentration indicators were efficient in evaluating the concentration degree of the world MDF supply.

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