scholarly journals Status of drowning in Nepal: A study of central police data

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 576
Author(s):  
Bhagabati Sedain ◽  
Puspa Raj Pant
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Police Data ◽  
The Status ◽  
Data Source

Background:  Drowning is a serious and mostly preventable injury-related cause of death. Low-and-middle income countries represent 90% of total drowning deaths worldwide. There is lack of epidemiological studies of drowning in Nepal. The aim of this paper is to describe the status of drowning in Nepal. Methods: Cases of drowning, occurring between January 2013 and December 2015 were extracted from the Daily Incident Recording System of Nepal Police. Variables on age, sex of the deceased, types of water bodies, places, season when drowning occurred and activities of deceased were extracted and descriptive analysis was done. Results: A total of 1,507 drowning cases were recorded over a 3 year period. The rate of drowning was 1.9 per 100,000 (2.95 for males and 0.92 for females). Majority of drowning occurred among males (76%) and more than half were (53%) under 20 years of age. Mostly drowning occurred in rivers (natural water bodies). The findings provide strong indication that drowning occurs throughout the year in Nepal. Children were highly vulnerable to drowning. The magnitude of drowning was found to be lower than estimated by global burden of disease (GBD) study. Conclusion: The burden of drowning in Nepal is considerable, but mostly unknown to the public. Despite only having access to a limited data source, this study provides useful evidence that comprehensive research in Nepal is needed urgently.

scholarly journals Status of drowning in Nepal: A study of central police data

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 576
Author(s):  
Bhagabati Sedain ◽  
Puspa Raj Pant
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Police Data ◽  
The Status ◽  
Data Source

Background:  Drowning is a serious and mostly preventable injury-related cause of death. Low-and-middle income countries represent over 90% of total drowning deaths worldwide. There is lack of epidemiological studies of drowning in Nepal. The aim of this paper is to describe the status of drowning in Nepal. Methods: Cases of drowning, occurring between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2015 were extracted from the Daily Incident Recording System of Nepal Police. Drowning cases were extracted and analysed regardless of their intent. Variables on age, sex of the deceased, types of water bodies, geographical locations, season when drowning occurred and activities of deceased were extracted and descriptive analysis was conducted. Results: A total of 1,507 drowning cases were recorded over a 3 year period. The rate of drowning was 1.9 per 100,000 (2.95 for males and 0.92 for females). Majority of drowning occurred among males (76%) and more than half were (53%) under 20 years of age. Mostly drowning occurred in rivers (natural water bodies). The findings provide strong indication that drowning occurs throughout the year in Nepal. Children were highly vulnerable to drowning. The magnitude of drowning was found to be lower than estimated by global burden of disease (GBD) study. Conclusion: The burden of drowning in Nepal is considerable, but mostly unknown to the public. Despite only having access to a limited data source, this study provides useful evidence that comprehensive research in Nepal is needed urgently.

scholarly journals Infectious diseases acquired by international travellers visiting the USA†

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhett J Stoney ◽  
Douglas H Esposito ◽  
Phyllis Kozarsky ◽  
Davidson H Hamer ◽  
Martin P Grobusch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
International Tourist ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Systemic Infections

Abstract Background Estimates of travel-related illness have focused predominantly on populations from highly developed countries visiting low- or middle-income countries, yet travel to and within high-income countries is very frequent. Despite being a top international tourist destination, few sources describe the spectrum of infectious diseases acquired among travellers to the USA. Methods We performed a descriptive analysis summarizing demographic and travel characteristics, and clinical diagnoses among non-US-resident international travellers seen during or after travel to the USA at a GeoSentinel clinic from 1 January 1997 through 31 December 2016. Results There were 1222 ill non-US-resident travellers with 1393 diagnoses recorded during the 20-year analysis period. Median age was 40 (range 0–86 years); 52% were female. Patients visited from 63 countries and territories, most commonly Canada (31%), Germany (14%), France (9%) and Japan (7%). Travellers presented with a range of illnesses; skin and soft tissue infections of unspecified aetiology were the most frequently reported during travel (29 diagnoses, 14% of during-travel diagnoses); arthropod bite/sting was the most frequently reported after travel (173 diagnoses, 15% after-travel diagnoses). Lyme disease was the most frequently reported arthropod-borne disease after travel (42, 4%). Nonspecific respiratory, gastrointestinal and systemic infections were also among the most frequently reported diagnoses overall. Low-frequency illnesses (<2% of cases) made up over half of diagnoses during travel and 41% of diagnoses after travel, including 13 cases of coccidioidomycosis and mosquito-borne infections like West Nile, dengue and Zika virus diseases. Conclusions International travellers to the USA acquired a diverse array of mostly cosmopolitan infectious diseases, including nonspecific respiratory, gastrointestinal, dermatologic and systemic infections comparable to what has been reported among travellers to low- and middle-income countries. Clinicians should consider the specific health risks when preparing visitors to the USA and when evaluating and treating those who become ill.

scholarly journals Identification of Bacillus Anthracis, Brucella Spp., and Coxiella Burnetii DNA Signatures From Bushmeat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robab Katani ◽  
Megan Schilling ◽  
Beatus Lyimo ◽  
Ernest Eblate ◽  
Andimile Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Wildlife Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Disease Risks ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Dry Seasons

Abstract Meat from wildlife species (bushmeat) represents a major source of dietary protein in low- and middle-income countries where humans and wildlife live in close proximity. Despite the occurrence of zoonotic pathogens in wildlife, their prevalence in bushmeat remains unknown. To assess the risk of exposure to major pathogens in bushmeat, a total of 3,784 samples were collected from three major regions in Tanzania during both rainy and dry seasons, both fresh and processed and screened by real-time PCR for the presence of DNA signatures of Bacillus anthracis, Brucella spp and Coxiella burnetii (Coxiella). The analysis identified DNA signatures of B. anthracis (0.48%), Brucella (0.9%), and Coxiella (0.66%) in a total of 77 samples. Highest prevalence rates of B. anthracis, Brucella, and Coxiella were observed in wildebeest, dik-dik, and impala, respectively. Fresh samples, those collected during the rainy season, and samples from Selous or the Serengeti had a greater relative risk of being positive. Microbiome characterization identified Firmicutes and Proteobacteria as the most abundant phyla. The results highlight and define potential risks of exposure to endemic wildlife diseases from bushmeat and the need for future investigations to address the public health and emerging infectious disease risks associated with bushmeat harvesting, trade, and consumption.

scholarly journals The status of cryptosporidiosis in Jordan: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1565-1569
Author(s):  
AbdelRahman Zueter
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The Status ◽  
Protozoal Infection

Background: Cryptosporidium is a waterborne intestinal parasite that causes diarrhoea in low and middle-income countries worldwide. Reports from Mediterranean countries have documented the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in children at various ages, also among cancer patients, and in cases of chronic kidney disease, haemodialysis, and organ transplant. Untill now, modified-acid staining preceded by stool concentration preparation remains the leading screening diagnostic test for the infection. In Jordan, few studies for cryptosporidiosis have been performed during the last 3 decades. Aims: This paper reviewed the status of cryptosporidiosis in Jordan and tracked recent updates for this emerging protozoal infection among different population groups. Methods: In this study, an online search was conducted on Google Scholar and PubMed databases using the keywords: Jordan, cryptosporidiosis and Cryptosporidium to inspect studies done on this parasite in Jordan. Results: Only 9 articles were identified from 1994 to 2019. These were analysed in terms of population group, demography, clinical history and the diagnostic tools used. Conclusion: Cryptosporidiosis is still neglected in Jordan as indicated by the low number of studies over the last 3 decades and the prevalence is diverse depending on the diagnostic test used and socioeconomic status.

Could massive open online courses improve health and medical education?

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Schütte ◽  
Sophie-Hélène Goulet-Ebongue ◽  
Khamsa Habouchi
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Massive Open Online Courses ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Massive Open Online ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Technological Advances

Abstract Technological advances during the last decade have provided novel opportunities for development of health and medical education. Education of health care professionals by massive open online courses (MOOCs) has been suggested in order to improve care and treatment of patients and the health literacy of the public. This article discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of MOOCs in health and medical education by taking a special focus on low and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Tracing Long- and Short-term Migrants for Participation in Demographic and Epidemiological Studies: Evidence from Senegal

Field Methods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-57
Author(s):  
Mufaro Kanyangarara ◽  
Laetitia Douillot ◽  
Gilles Pison ◽  
Cheikh Tidiane Ndiaye ◽  
Valerie Delaunay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Contact Information

Migration of participants in demographic and epidemiological studies results in missing data. One approach to reduce resulting losses in statistical power and potential biases is to follow up migrants at their new residence. We describe the follow-up of migrants who were eligible for participation in a trial of a new questionnaire to measure adult mortality in Niakhar, Senegal. We conducted a short inquiry in the migrant’s last known household to obtain contact information and then attempted to contact and interview 661 migrants who resided in Dakar, Mbour, and rural areas close to Niakhar. About two-thirds of migrants were successfully enrolled in the study. Having a contact phone number and knowing the name of the head of compound at destination increased the likelihood of successful enrollment. Following up migrants in demographic studies is feasible in low- and middle-income countries, including long-term migrants who have not been contacted for extended periods of time.

scholarly journals EXPOSURE TO EXTREMELY LOW-FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELDS IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: AN OVERVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 191 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-500
Author(s):  
Dan Baaken ◽  
Daniel Wollschläger ◽  
Theodoros Samaras ◽  
Joachim Schüz ◽  
Isabelle Deltour
Keyword(s):  
Literature Search ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Qualitative Synthesis ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Extremely Low Frequency ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Frequency Magnetic Field ◽  
Large Heterogeneity ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract To compare extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure in the general population in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with high-income countries (HIC), we carried out a systematic literature search resulting in 1483 potentially eligible articles; however, only 25 studies could be included in the qualitative synthesis. Studies showed large heterogeneity in design, exposure environment and exposure assessment. Exposure assessed by outdoor spot measurements ranged from 0.03 to 4μT. Average exposure by indoor spot measurements in homes ranged from 0.02 to 0.4μT. Proportions of homes exposed to a threshold of ≥0.3μT were many times higher in LMICs compared to HIC. Based on the limited data available, exposure to ELF-MF in LMICs appeared higher than in HIC, but a direct comparison is hampered by a lack of representative and systematic monitoring studies. Representative measurement studies on residential exposure to ELF-MF are needed in LMICs together with better standardisation in the reporting.

Growing gender parity will aid global growth prospects

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Growth Prospects

Subject Gender parity benefits and initiatives. Significance The BBC released salary details for employees earning more than 150,000 pounds (around 200,000 dollars) in July, revealing that two thirds of its high earners, and the seven highest, are male, and showing large gaps between staff performing similar tasks. Gender inequality is a worldwide problem in both the public and the private sector. Research shows that increased parity generates GDP growth through three channels: boosting the size and quality of the workforce; enlarging the consumer market; and acting as an organisational catalyst in leadership positions. Impacts Reviewing and extending existing laws and regulations that promote and enforce gender equity will be as important as new legislation. Policy choice and progress will vary across the world, reflecting varying levels of gender parity and different traditions and religions. In low- and middle-income countries, ensuring cross-gender financial literacy and inclusion will become a key tool in equality programmes. US public spending in support of gender parity, in particular health funding, may fall, but private-sector initiatives have strong momentum.

scholarly journals Acute Kidney Injury in Poor Countries Should No Longer Be a Death Sentence: The ISN ‘0 by 25' Project

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (Suppl. 3) ◽  
pp. 42-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norberto Perico ◽  
Giuseppe Remuzzi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Death Sentence ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Timely Fashion

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disorder throughout the world that is associated with severe morbidity, mortality and cost. Although deaths due to AKI occur in both high- and low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), the majority of avoidable deaths occur in LMIC nations. If managed adequately and in a timely fashion, the majority of these cases of AKI are preventable, treatable and often reversible with simple measures. AKI also has a major economic impact on healthcare expenditure. This is particularly true in poor countries where AKI especially impacts young productive people, imposing severe penury on their families. The International Society of Nephrology (ISN) has launched a long-term program, the ‘0 by 25' project, which advocates that zero people should die of untreated AKI in the poorest part of Africa, Asia and Latin America by 2025. The mission is to eventually lessen the high burden in terms of deaths consequent to this disorder in resource-poor regions worldwide. This is a challenging but potentially feasible and productive initiative that requires a broad vision about how the public and private sectors can work in partnership with the governments of the LMIC countries and leading nongovernmental organizations operating locally, to ensure sustainability of the 0 by 25 program and save many lives.

scholarly journals Age and Ageing During the COVID-19 Pandemic; Challenges to Public Health and to the Health of the Public

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mark Clarfield ◽  
Tzvi Dwolatzky
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Geriatric Medicine ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Older Population ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Successful Vaccine

The distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has reached pandemic proportions. While COVID-19 can affect anyone, it is particularly hazardous for those with “co-morbidities.” Older age is an especially strong and independent risk factor for hospital and ICU admission, mechanical ventilation and death. Health systems must protect persons at any age while paying particular attention to those with risk factors. However, essential freedoms must be respected and social/psychological needs met for those shielded. The example of the older population in Israel may provide interesting public health lessons. Relatively speaking, Israel is a demographically young country, with only 11.5% of its population 65 years and older as compared with the OECD average of >17%. As well, a lower proportion of older persons is in long-term institutions in Israel than in most other OECD countries. The initiation of a national program to protect older residents of nursing homes and more latterly, a successful vaccine program has resulted in relatively low rates of serious COVID-19 related disease and mortality in Israel. However, the global situation remains unstable and the older population remains at risk. The rollout of efficacious vaccines is in progress but it will probably take years to cover the world's population, especially those living in low- and middle-income countries. Every effort must be made not to leave these poorer countries behind. Marrying the principles of public health (care of the population) with those of geriatric medicine (care of the older individual) offers the best way forward.

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