scholarly journals An enhanced broadband class-J mode power amplifier for 5G smart meter applications

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1099
Author(s):  
Nagisetty Sridhar ◽  
Dr Chinnaiyan Senthilpari ◽  
Dr Mardeni R ◽  
Dr Wong Hin Yong
Keyword(s):  
Power Amplifier ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Smart Meter ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Power Added Efficiency ◽  
Matching Networks ◽  
Grid Applications ◽  
Advanced Metering

Background: With the tremendous increase in the usage of smart meters for industrial/ household purposes, their implementation is considered a crucial challenge in the Internet of Things (IoT) world, leading to a demand for emerging 5G technology. In addition, a large amount of data has to be communicated by smart meters efficiently, which needs a significant enhancement in bandwidth. The power amplifier (PA) plays a major role in deciding the efficiency and bandwidth of the entire communication system. Among the various modes of PAs, a newly developed Class-J mode PA has been proven to achieve high efficiency over a wide bandwidth by maintaining linearity. Methods: This paper proposes a Class-J mode PA design methodology using a CGH40010F-GaN device that operates at a 3.5 GHz frequency to meet the requirements of 5G wireless communication technology for the replacement of existing 4G/LTE technology used for advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) in smart grids. This research's main objective is to design the proper matching networks (M.Ns) to achieve Class-J mode operation that satisfies the bandwidth requirements of 5G smart grid applications. With the target impedances obtained using the load-pull simulation, lumped element matching networks are analyzed and designed in 3 ways using the ADS EDA tool. Results: The simulation results reveal that the proposed Class-J PA provides a maximum drain efficiency (D.E) of 82%, power added efficiency (PAE) of 67% with 13 dB small-signal gain at 3.5 GHz, and output power of 40 dBm (41.4 dBm peak) with a power gain of approximately 7 dB over a bandwidth of approximately 400 MHz with a 28 V power supply into a 50 Ω load. Conclusion: The efficiency and bandwidth of the proposed Class-J PA can be enhanced further by fine-tuning the matching network design to make it more suitable for 5G smart meter/grid applications.

scholarly journals Electric Load Data Compression and Classification Based on Deep Stacked Auto-Encoders

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyao Huang ◽  
Tianbin Hu ◽  
Chengjin Ye ◽  
Guanhua Xu ◽  
Xiaojian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Smart Meter ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Softmax Classifier ◽  
Data Mining Approach ◽  
Data Volume ◽  
Advanced Metering

With the development of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), electrical data are collected frequently by smart meters. Consequently, the load data volume and length increase dramatically, which aggravates the data storage and transmission burdens in smart grids. On the other hand, for event detection or market-based demand response applications, load service entities (LSEs) want smart meter readings to be classified in specific and meaningful types. Considering these challenges, a stacked auto-encoder (SAE)-based load data mining approach is proposed. First, an innovative framework for smart meter data flow is established. On the user side, the SAEs are utilized to compress load data in a distributed way. Then, centralized classification is adopted at remote data center by softmax classifier. Through the layer-wise feature extracting of SAE, the sparse and lengthy raw data are expressed in compact forms and then classified based on features. A global fine-tuning strategy based on a well-defined labeled subset is embedded to improve the extracted features and the classification accuracy. Case studies in China and Ireland demonstrate that the proposed method is more capable to achieve the minimum of error and satisfactory compression ratios (CR) than benchmark compressors. It also significantly improves the classification accuracy on both appliance and house level datasets.

scholarly journals Communication Performance Assessment for Advanced Metering Infrastructure

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jen-Hao Teng ◽  
Chia-Wei Chao ◽  
Bin-Han Liu ◽  
Wei-Hao Huang ◽  
Jih-Ching Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grids ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Smart Meter ◽  
Advanced Metering Infrastructure ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Communication Performance ◽  
Reading Success ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
Advanced Metering ◽  
Communication Paths

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), the foundation of smart grids, can be used to provide numerous intelligent power applications and services based on the data acquired from AMI. Effective and efficient communication performance between widely-spread smart meters and Data Concentrator Units (DCUs) is one of the most important issues for the successful deployment and operation of AMI and needs to be further investigated. This paper proposes an effective Communication Performance Index (CPI) to assess and supervise the communication performance of each smart meter. Some communication quality measurements that can be easily acquired from a smart meter such as reading success rate and response time are used to design the proposed CPI. Fuzzy logic is adopted to combine these measurements to calculate the proposed CPI. The CPIs for communication paths, DCUs and whole AMI can then be derived from meter CPIs. Simulation and experimental results for small-scale AMIs demonstrate the validity of the proposed CPI. Through the calculated CPIs, the communication performance and stability for AMI can be effectively assessed and supervised.

scholarly journals Data falsification attacks in advanced metering infrastructure

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 412-418
Author(s):  
Hasventhran Baskaran ◽  
Abbas M. Al-Ghaili ◽  
Zul- Azri Ibrahim ◽  
Fiza Abdul Rahim ◽  
Saravanan Muthaiyah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Smart Meter ◽  
Advanced Metering Infrastructure ◽  
End User ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Advanced Metering

Smart grids are the cutting-edge electric power systems that make use of the latest digital communication technologies to supply end-user electricity, but with more effective control and can completely fill end user supply and demand. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), the backbone of smart grids, can be used to provide a range of power applications and services based on AMI data. The increased deployment of smart meters and AMI have attracted attackers to exploit smart grid vulnerabilities and try to take advantage of the AMI and smart meter’s weakness. One of the possible major attacks in the AMI environment is False Data Injection Attack (FDIA). FDIA will try to manipulate the user’s electric consumption by falsified the data supplied by the smart meter value in a smart grid system using additive and deductive attack methods to cause loss to both customers and utility providers. This paper will explore two possible attacks, the additive and deductive data falsification attack and illustrate the taxonomy of attack behaviors that results in additive and deductive attacks. This paper contributes to real smart meter datasets in order to come up with a financial impact to both energy provider and end-user.

Design of high-efficiency Hybrid Power Amplifier with concurrent F&F−1 class operations for 5G application

Frequenz ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meisam Tahmasbi ◽  
Farhad Razaghian ◽  
Sobhan Roshani
Keyword(s):  
Power Amplifier ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
New Method ◽  
Power Added Efficiency ◽  
Hybrid Power ◽  
Novel Structure ◽  
Mode A

Abstract This paper presents a novel structure of Hybrid Power Amplifier (HPA) to operate in two arbitrary classes of operation at two desirable frequencies. The proposed HPA is designed in concurrent F&F−1 classes, simultaneously for 5G application. Presented HPA can solve the harmonics interference problem for concurrent F and F−1 classes and also for any arbitrary class of operation in desired frequencies. The designed HPA operates at 1.5 GHz frequency in the F class mode, while operates at 2.1 GHz frequency in the F−1 class mode. A new method is presented by using two diplexers to provide two paths for signal in different frequencies. Two parallel paths are used at the output of the HPA circuit, so the proposed HPA can operate at two classes. Two diplexers are used in the HPA to make proper isolation between the designed paths. In design of the proposed HPA, according to the utilized diplexers, the amplifier can operate between two arbitrary classes of operation at desired frequencies without any specific switch. The measured drain efficiency (DE) and power added efficiency (PAE) parameters are 57 and 51%, respectively at 2.1 GHz, while measured DE and PAE are 64 and 54%, respectively at 1.5 GHz.

scholarly journals A 2.5-GHz 1-V High Efficiency CMOS Power Amplifier IC with a Dual-Switching Transistor and Third Harmonic Tuning Technique

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taufiq Alif Kurniawan ◽  
Toshihiko Yoshimasu
Keyword(s):  
Power Amplifier ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Drain Current ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Back Gate ◽  
Third Harmonic ◽  
Power Added Efficiency ◽  
Switching Transistor

This paper presents a 2.5-GHz low-voltage, high-efficiency CMOS power amplifier (PA) IC in 0.18-µm CMOS technology. The combination of a dual-switching transistor (DST) and a third harmonic tuning technique is proposed. The DST effectively improves the gain at the saturation power region when the additional gain extension of the secondary switching transistor compensates for the gain compression of the primary one. To achieve high-efficiency performance, the third harmonic tuning circuit is connected in parallel to the output load. Therefore, the flattened drain current and voltage waveforms are generated, which in turn reduce the overlapping and the dc power consumption significantly. In addition, a 0.5-V back-gate voltage is applied to the primary switching transistor to realize the low-voltage operation. At 1 V of supply voltage, the proposed PA has achieved a power added efficiency (PAE) of 34.5% and a saturated output power of 10.1 dBm.

A 4.2-to-5.4 GHz stacked GaAs HBT power amplifier for C-band applications

Circuit World ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-248
Author(s):  
Min Liu ◽  
Panpan Xu ◽  
Jincan Zhang ◽  
Bo Liu ◽  
Liwen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Power Amplifier ◽  
High Power ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Matching Network ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Power Added Efficiency ◽  
Saturated Output Power

Purpose Power amplifiers (PAs) play an important role in wireless communications because they dominate system performance. High-linearity broadband PAs are of great value for potential use in multi-band system implementation. The purpose of this paper is to present a cascode power amplifier architecture to achieve high power and high efficiency requirements for 4.2∼5.4 GHz applications. Design/methodology/approach A common emitter (CE) configuration with a stacked common base configuration of heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) is used to achieve high power. T-type matching network is used as input matching network. To increase the bandwidth, the output matching networks are implemented using the two L-networks. Findings By using the proposed method, the stacked PA demonstrates a maximum saturated output power of 26.2 dBm, a compact chip size of 1.17 × 0.59 mm2 and a maximum power-added efficiency of 46.3 per cent. The PA shows a wideband small signal gain with less than 3 dB variation over working frequency. The saturated output power of the proposed PA is higher than 25 dBm between 4.2 and 5.4 GHz. Originality/value The technology adopted for the design of the 4.2-to-5.4 GHz stacked PA is the 2-µm gallium arsenide HBT process. Based on the proposed method, a better power performance of 3 dB improvement can be achieved as compared with the conventional CE or common-source amplifier because of high output stacking impedance.

scholarly journals X-Band High-Efficiency Continuous Class B Power Amplifier GaN MMIC Assisted by Input Second-Harmonic Tuning

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Jin ◽  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Jianhua Huang ◽  
Zhiyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Amplifier ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Power Added Efficiency ◽  
Optimum Load ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Class B ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
Output Capacitance

This paper presents a high-efficiency continuous class B power amplifier MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit) from 8 GHz to 10.5 GHz, fabricated with 0.25 μm GaN-on-SiC technology. The Pedro load-line method was performed to calculate the optimum load of the GaN field-effect transistor (FET) for efficiency enhancement. Optimized by an output second-harmonic tuned network, fundamental to second-harmonic impedance, mapping was established point-to-point within a broad frequency band, which approached the classic continuous class B mode with an expanded high-efficiency bandwidth. Moreover, the contribution to the output capacitance of the FET was introduced into the output second-harmonic tuned network, which simplified the structure of the output matching network. Assisted by the second-harmonic source-pull technique, the input second-harmonic tuned network was optimized to improve the efficiency of the power amplifier over the operation band. The measurement results showed 51–59% PAE (Power Added Efficiency) and 19.8–21.2 dB power gain with a saturated power of 40.8–42.2 dBm from 8 GHz to 10.5 GHz. The size of the chip was 3.2 × 2.4 mm2.

Modelling Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Network Architectures for Smart Grid Neighborhood Area Networks

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-64
Author(s):  
Nazmus S. Nafi ◽  
Khandakar Ahmed ◽  
Mark A. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Smart Grid Communications ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Grid Applications ◽  
Advanced Metering ◽  
Machine Communication

In a smart grid machine to machine communication environment, the separation of the control and data planes in the Software Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm increases flexibility, controllability and manageability of the network. A fully integrated SDN based WSN network can play a more prominent role by providing ‘last mile' connectivity while serving various Smart Grid applications and offer improved security, guaranteed Quality of Service and flexible interworking capabilities. Hence, more efforts are required to explore the potential role of SDN in Smart Grid communications and thereby ensure its optimum utilization. In this chapter we provide a description of how SDN technology can be used in WSN with an emphasis on its end-to-end network architecture. We then present its novel application to Advanced Metering Infrastructure, Substation Automation, Distributed Energy Resources, Wide Area Measurement Systems, and Roaming of Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids.

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