scholarly journals Gut mucosal colonisation with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Lewis ◽  
Rebecca Lester ◽  
Paul Garner ◽  
Nicholas A. Feasey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Community Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) threaten human health; and, in areas of sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) where carbapenems are not available, may render ESBL-E infections untreatable. Gut mucosal colonisation probably occurs before infection, making prevention of colonisation an attractive target for intervention, but the epidemiology of ESBL-E in sSA is poorly described. Objectives: Describe ESBL-E colonisation prevalence in sSA and risk factors associated with colonisation. Methods: Studies included were prospective cross-sectional or cohort studies reporting gut mucosal ESBL-E colonisation in any population in sSA. We searched PubMed and Scopus on 18 December 2018. We summarise the range of prevalence across sites and tabulated risk factors for colonisation. The protocol was registered (Prospero ID CRD42019123559). Results: From 2975 abstracts we identified 32 studies including a total of 8619 participants from a range of countries and settings. Six studies were longitudinal; no longitudinal studies followed patients beyond hospital discharge.  Prevalence varied between 5 and 84% with a median of 31%, with a relationship to setting: pooled ESBL-E colonisation in community studies was 18% (95% CI 12 to 28, 12 studies); in studies recruiting people at admission to hospital colonisation was 32% (95% CI 24 to 41% 8 studies); and for inpatients, colonisation was 55% (95% CI 49 to 60%, 7 studies). Antimicrobial use was associated with increased risk of ESBL-E colonisation, and protected water sources or water treatment by boiling may reduce risk. Conclusions: ESBL-E colonisation is common in sSA, but how people become carriers and why is not well understood. To inform the design of interventions to interrupt transmission in this setting requires longitudinal, community studies.

scholarly journals Gut mucosal colonisation with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Lewis ◽  
Rebecca Lester ◽  
Paul Garner ◽  
Nicholas A. Feasey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Community Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) threaten human health; and, in areas of sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) where carbapenems are not available, may render ESBL-E infections untreatable. Gut mucosal colonisation probably occurs before infection, making prevention of colonisation an attractive target for intervention, but the epidemiology of ESBL-E in sSA is poorly described. Objectives: Describe ESBL-E colonisation prevalence in sSA and risk factors associated with colonisation. Methods: Studies included were prospective cross-sectional or cohort studies reporting gut mucosal ESBL-E colonisation in any population in sSA. We searched PubMed and Scopus on 18 December 2018. We summarise the range of prevalence across sites and tabulated risk factors for colonisation. The protocol was registered (Prospero ID CRD42019123559). Results: From 2975 abstracts we identified 32 studies including a total of 8619 participants from a range of countries and settings. Six studies were longitudinal; no longitudinal studies followed patients beyond hospital discharge.  Prevalence varied between 5 and 84% with a median of 31%, with a relationship to setting: pooled ESBL-E colonisation in community studies was 18% (95% CI 12 to 28, 12 studies); in studies recruiting people at admission to hospital colonisation was 32% (95% CI 24 to 41% 8 studies); and for inpatients, colonisation was 55% (95% CI 49 to 60%, 7 studies). Antimicrobial use was associated with increased risk of ESBL-E colonisation, and protected water sources or water treatment by boiling may reduce risk. Conclusions: ESBL-E colonisation is common in sSA, but how people become carriers and why is not well understood. To inform the design of interventions to interrupt transmission in this setting requires longitudinal, community studies.

scholarly journals Colonisation with extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales in children admitted to a paediatric referral hospital in South Africa

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241776
Author(s):  
Babatunde O. Ogunbosi ◽  
Clinton Moodley ◽  
Preneshni Naicker ◽  
James Nuttall ◽  
Colleen Bamford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Invasive Infection ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Extended Spectrum

Introduction There are few studies describing colonisation with extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) among children in sub-Saharan Africa. Colonisation often precedes infection and multi-drug-resistant Enterobacterales are important causes of invasive infection. Methods In this prospective cross-sectional study, conducted between April and June 2017, 200 children in a tertiary academic hospital were screened by rectal swab for EBSL-PE and CRE. The resistance-conferring genes were identified using polymerase chain reaction technology. Risk factors for colonisation were also evaluated. Results Overall, 48% (96/200) of the children were colonised with at least one ESBL-PE, 8.3% (8/96) of these with 2 ESBL-PE, and one other child was colonised with a CRE (0.5% (1/200)). Common colonising ESBL-PE were Klebsiella pneumoniae (62.5%, 65/104) and Escherichia coli (34.6%, 36/104). The most frequent ESBL-conferring gene was blaCTX-M in 95% (76/80) of the isolates. No resistance- conferring gene was identified in the CRE isolate (Enterobacter cloacae). Most of the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam (86.2%) and amikacin (63.9%). Similarly, 94.4% and 97.2% of the Escherichia coli isolates were susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam and amikacin, respectively. Hospitalisation for more than 7 days before study enrolment was associated with ESBL-PE colonisation. Conclusion Approximately half of the hospitalised children in this study were colonised with ESBL-PE. This highlights the need for improved infection prevention and control practices to limit the dissemination of these microorganisms.

scholarly journals Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Bacteria From Urine Isolates in Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 373-377
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Degnan ◽  
Aaron M. Milstone ◽  
Marie Diener-West ◽  
Carlton K. K. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Urinary Isolates

OBJECTIVES: Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing organisms, are a growing problem. The primary objective of this study was to describe the proportion of children with ESBL-producing urinary isolates at a tertiary medical center as well as these organisms' susceptibility patterns. The secondary objective was to identify the risk factors for acquiring ESBL urinary pathogens. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated a cohort of children with ESBL urinary isolates, admitted to a tertiary children's hospital during a 6-year period. The proportion of patients with an ESBL-producing urinary isolate among all patients who grew a Gram-negative isolate is described together with the organism's susceptibility pattern. Patients with non-ESBL Gram-negative urinary organisms were used as a control group for identifying patient risk factors for ESBL. RESULTS: A total of 7.8% (29 of 370) of patients in our cohort grew Gram-negative urinary isolates with an ESBL strain. Most of the ESBL organisms isolated were sensitive to carbapenems (100% of ESBL organisms susceptible to ertapenem and 93.8% susceptible to meropenem) and amikacin (92.3% of ESBL organisms susceptible). Patients with longer hospitalization, recent antibiotic use, and recent intensive care unit admission were found to be at increased risk for ESBL organisms in the urine. CONCLUSIONS: When selecting empiric antibiotic therapy for suspected urinary tract infection in children, it may be prudent to consider the risk factors identified for acquiring an ESBL urinary pathogen.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales in the Greater Mekong Subregion: A Systematic-Review and Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors Associated With Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase and Carbapenemase Isolation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta R. Singh ◽  
Alvin Kuo Jing Teo ◽  
Kiesha Prem ◽  
Rick Twee-Hee Ong ◽  
Elizabeth A. Ashley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Greater Mekong Subregion

Background: Despite the rapid spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing-Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE), little is known about the extent of their prevalence in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). In this systematic review, we aimed to determine the epidemiology of ESBL-E and CPE in clinically significant Enterobacterales: Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from the GMS (comprising of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Yunnan province and Guangxi Zhuang region of China).Methods: Following a list of search terms adapted to subject headings, we systematically searched databases: Medline, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science for articles published on and before October 20th, 2020. The search string consisted of the bacterial names, methods involved in detecting drug-resistance phenotype and genotype, GMS countries, and ESBL and carbapenemase detection as the outcomes. Meta-analyses of the association between the isolation of ESBL from human clinical and non-clinical specimens were performed using the “METAN” function in STATA 14.Results: One hundred and thirty-nine studies were included from a total of 1,513 identified studies. Despite the heterogeneity in study methods, analyzing the prevalence proportions on log-linear model scale for ESBL producing-E. coli showed a trend that increased by 13.2% (95%CI: 6.1–20.2) in clinical blood specimens, 8.1% (95%CI: 1.7–14.4) in all clinical specimens and 17.7% (95%CI: 4.9–30.4) increase in carriage specimens. Under the log-linear model assumption, no significant trend over time was found for ESBL producing K. pneumoniae and ESBL-E specimens. CPE was reported in clinical studies and carriage studies past 2010, however a trend could not be determined because of the small dataset. Twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis of risk factors associated with isolation of ESBL. Recent antibiotic exposure was the most studied variable and showed a significant positive association with ESBL-E isolation (pooled OR: 2.9, 95%CI: 2.3–3.8) followed by chronic kidney disease (pooled OR: 4.7, 95%CI: 1.8–11.9), and other co-morbidities (pooled OR: 1.6, 95%CI: 1.2–2.9).Conclusion: Data from GMS is heterogeneous with significant data-gaps, especially in community settings from Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia and Yunnan and Guangxi provinces of China. Collaborative work standardizing the methodology of studies will aid in better monitoring, surveillance and evaluation of interventions across the GMS.

scholarly journals Predictors of lost to follow up from antiretroviral therapy among adults in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafte Kahsay Kebede ◽  
Lillian Mwanri ◽  
Paul Ward ◽  
Hailay Abrha Gesesew
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Validity Assessment ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Lost To Follow Up

Abstract Background It is known that ‘drop out’ from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment, the so called lost-to-follow-up (LTFU) occurs to persons enrolled in HIV care services. However, in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the risk factors for the LTFU are not well understood. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for LTFU among adults living with HIV in SSA. A systematic search of literature using identified keywords and index terms was conducted across five databases: MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. We included quantitative studies published in English from 2002 to 2019. The Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) was used for methodological validity assessment and data extraction. Mantel Haenszel method using Revman-5 software was used for meta-analysis. We demonstrated the meta-analytic measure of association using pooled odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI) and heterogeneity using I2 tests. Results Thirty studies met the search criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Predictors of LTFU were: demographic factors including being: (i) a male (OR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.3, I2 = 59%), (ii) between 15 and 35 years old (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.3, I2 = 0%), (iii) unmarried (OR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.2–1.3, I2 = 21%), (iv) a rural dweller (OR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.5–2.7, I2 = 40%), (v) unemployed (OR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.04–1.4, I2 = 58%); (vi) diagnosed with behavioral factors including illegal drug use(OR = 13.5, 95% CI 7.2–25.5, I2 = 60%), alcohol drinking (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.9–4.4, I2 = 39%), and tobacco smoking (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.6–4.3, I2 = 74%); and clinical diagnosis of mental illness (OR = 3.4, 95% CI 2.2–5.2, I2 = 1%), bed ridden or ambulatory functional status (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.5–3.1, I2 = 74%), low CD4 count in the last visit (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.9, I2 = 75%), tuberculosis co-infection (OR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.02–1.4, I2 = 66%) and a history of opportunistic infections (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.7–2.8, I2 = 75%). Conclusions The current review identifies demographic, behavioral and clinical factors to be determinants of LTFU. We recommend strengthening of HIV care services in SSA targeting the aforementioned group of patients. Trial registration Protocol: the PROSPERO Registration Number is CRD42018114418

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