scholarly journals Komitatiivi funktsioonidest eri aegade ja registrite eesti kirjakeeles

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-178
Author(s):  
Helle Metslang ◽  
Külli Habicht ◽  
Tiit Hennoste ◽  
Anni Jürine ◽  
Kirsi Laanesoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Print Media ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Instrument Function ◽  
Grammatical Relations ◽  
Text Types ◽  
Media Texts ◽  
Over Time

Eesti komitatiiviga väljendatavad koosesinemisfunktsioonid moodustavad võrgustiku, mille keskmes on kaks prototüüpset funktsiooni, KAASNEMINE ja VASTASTIKUSUS. 17.–18. sajandi kirjakeele komitatiivi funktsioonid esindavad KAASNEMISE haru, 20. sajandi materjalis domineerib VASTASTIKUSUS. Komitatiivi funktsioonid on sajandite jooksul järjest laienenud. Tänapäeva kirjakeele materjalis on esindatud nii KAASNEMISE kui ka VASTASTIKUSUSE haru, mõlema kasutustendentsid seostuvad tekstiliigi funktsionaalse ja sisulise eripäraga. Kontaktkeeltest sarnaneb eesti komitatiivi funktsioonivõrgustik enim saksa keele ja vähim soome keele võrgustikuga.Abstract. Helle Metslang, Külli Habicht, Tiit Hennoste, Anni Jürine, Kirsi Laanesoo, David Ogren: Functions of the comitative in different periods and registers of written Estonian. The various types of concomitance expressed by the Estonian comitative form a network, at the center of which are the two prototypical functions of the comitative, ACCOMPANYING and RECIPROCALITY. In the 17th–18th century written language, the comitative primarily expressed ACCOMPANYING and similar meanings, while the RECIPROCALITY function dominates in 20th-century texts. The functions of the comitative have grown broader over time. In more peripheral functions, the comitative even performs the functions of grammatical cases, encoding non-foregrounded core arguments – the semantics of the comitative have become blurred, and the grammatical relations it expresses have become less well defined. In the modern written language, both the COMPANION and the RECIPROCALITY branches are well-represented. Usage tendencies are tied to the functional and contentrelated characteristics of different text types: RECIPROCALITY is particularly common in fiction texts, while print media texts extensively utilize the INSTRUMENT function and often feature phrase-internal comitatives, illustrating their high textual density. In online comment sections the INSTRUMENT function is particularly prominent, while in MSN dialogues the COMPANION function stands out. Among contact languages, the network of functions of the Estonian comitative most closely resembles that of German and least closely resembles that of Finnish.Keywords: comitative; concomitance; variation; register; written language; Estonian

Darbības vārdu raksturojums Miķeļa Bukša gramatikā latgaliešu rakstu valodas kontekstā

2020 ◽  
pp. 222-232
Author(s):  
Anna Vulāne
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Description ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Linguistic Information ◽  
Teaching Aids ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Verb Conjugation ◽  
Morphological System

The Latgalian written language, based on Latgalian vernaculars of the High Latvian dialect, began to develop at the start of the 18th century in Latgale. Many sacred and secular works, press publications, teaching aids, and several texts for grammar norms and spelling were published. Only when the print prohibition was lifted at the beginning of the 20th century, the intellectuals of Latgale could focus on the preparation of Latgalian written grammar and the development of orthographic norms. The purpose of this article is to characterise the morphological system of the verb detailed in Miķelis Bukšs’ „The Grammar of Latgalian Language” in the context of the Latgalian written language by evaluating the usability of the material for the development of morphology in part 2 of the „Atlas of Latvian Dialects”. The work was published during exile in 1973, where refuge was taken not only by multiple Latgalian culture workers but also by the Latgalian language itself, as it was once again banned in Latvia in the second half of the 20th century. The Grammar consists of 9 chapters. The verb is mentioned in multiple chapters, with a significantly wider description of the verb conjugation and conjugatable participle system provided. The overview of the system largely corresponds to the description of verbs in Latgalian written language grammar. The author has used a few variants of subdialects, mainly from his native North Latgale. However, it is evident that the author had limited factual information about dialects, therefore, the work contains multiple disputed claims about the prevalence of certain language phenomena. It can be concluded that, although this work has made an important contribution to the development of Latgalian written language and theoretical description of its constituent parts as well as to the development of linguistic terminology, it contains a limited amount of linguistic information that can be used to describe verb forms in the morphological section of the atlas.

European White Glass Trade Beads as Chronological and Trade Markers

1996 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G.V. Hancock ◽  
S. Aufreiter ◽  
I. Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTEuropean explorers and traders, on their arrival in North America, found the aboriginal peoples willing to exchange furs and other goods for European-made metal objects and glass beads, the remains of which may be found at archaeological sites. Specific trade goods, including multi-coloured or curiously shaped glass beads that are visually distinctive, are used as chronological markers by archaeologists. Most of the single coloured, mainly blue or opaque white beads are very common and cannot be visually, chronologically differentiated. Non-destructive analysis (INAA) of turquoise blue or white beads from known-age archaeological sites in Ontario has revealed chemical changes in glass manufacturing compositions over time. This allows these otherwise nondescript, single coloured beads to be used as chronological and trade markers. Although the turquoise beads were always coloured by Cu, the white beads employed different opacifiers over time. First came Sn-rich beads (early to late 17th century); then Sb-rich beads (late 17th century to mid-19th century); finally As-rich beads (very late 18th century to early 20th century) and even F-whitened beads (19th century to 20th century). Within each major group, it appears that changes in glass making recipes may be found using the Na, K, Ca, Al and Cl contents. Therefore, chemical analysis of white glass trade beads may be as profitable as chemical analysis of turquoise blue trade beads in establishing chemical chronologies.

The Presence of Religious Metacultures in Near-Death Discourse (1580–1975)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Schlieter
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Life Review ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Body Experiences ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Continuous Stream ◽  
Over Time

The conclusion of the discursive history outlines that in contrast to studies that argue for a broad decline of Christian narratives of deathbed experiences in the early modern centuries, there is ample evidence of a continuous stream of Christian reports. These reports are, from the 18th century onward, seconded by a broad current of Spiritualist–Occult and Gnostic–Esoteric reports. Transmitters of these reports were mostly religiously interested individuals—preeminently spokespersons of non-mainstream churches and denominations such as Pietists, Theosophists, Occultists, and Spiritualists, joined, in the early 20th century, by parapsychologists. Most common are descriptions of a paradisiacal realm, tranquility, quietness, and feelings of peace or mental clarity. Handed down in religious contexts were descriptions of a border, God, or angels. However, other elements such as the life review (absent in premodern narratives), autoscopic out-of-body experiences, or the “tunnel” clearly developed over time and assumed new meanings.

LITERARY ROMANTICISM AS A THEORETICAL ISSUE

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Vera V. Serdechnaia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Theoretical Issue ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of literary romanticism. The research aims at a refinement of the “romanticism” concept in relation to the history of the literary process. The main research methods include conceptual analysis, textual analysis, comparative historical research. The author analyzes the semantic genesis of the term “romanticism”, various interpretations of the concept, compares the definitions of different periods and cultures. The main results of the study are as follows. The history of the term “romanticism” shows a change in a number of definitions for the same concept in relation to the same literary phenomena. By the end of the 20th century, realizing the existence of significant contradictions in the content of the term “romanticism”, researchers often come to abandon it. At the same time, the steady use of the term “romanticism” testifies to the subject-conceptual component that exists in it, which does not lose its relevance, but just needs a theoretical refinement. Conclusion: one have to revise an approach to romanticism as a theoretical concept, based on the change in the concept of an individual in Europe at the end of the 18th century. It is the newly discovered freedom of an individual predetermines the rethinking for the image of the author as a creator and determines the artistic features of literary romanticism.

"HOW PUISSANT HIS MIRACLES ARE!" CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE BIBLICAL NARRATIVE AND THE FOLK STORIES ABOUT THE RIBNITZER REBBE

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-67
Author(s):  
Natalya M. Kireeva ◽  
◽  
Maria M. Kaspina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Biblical Narrative ◽  
Jewish Culture ◽  
Folk Stories

The article focuses on legends about miracles in Judaism. Particular attention is paid to miracles in the context of the early Biblical period of the prophets and modern Hasidism; similarities in motives and plots are found between the narratives of different times. The authors analyze in detail two 20th-century plots about miracles related to Chaim Zanvl Abramovich, known as the Ribnitzer Rebbe (1902–1995). The miracles that are told about him have many parallels with the legends about miracles performed by the founder of the Hasidic movement, Israel Baal Shem Tov (BeShT), who lived in the middle of the 18th century. The article reveals a connection between the Biblical and Hasidic miracle stories not only at the level of how the miracle is functioning in Jewish culture in general.

Language Change and Movement as Seen by Historical Linguistics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Nurse
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Language Boundaries ◽  
Over Time

The focus of this chapter is on how languages move and change over time and space. The perceptions of historical linguists have been shaped by what they were observing. During the flowering of comparative linguistics, from the late 19th into the 20th century, the dominant view was that in earlier times when people moved, their languages moved with them, often over long distances, sometimes fast, and that language change was largely internal. That changed in the second half of the 20th century. We now recognize that in recent centuries and millennia, most movements of communities and individuals have been local and shorter. Constant contact between communities resulted in features flowing across language boundaries, especially in crowded and long-settled locations such as most of Central and West Africa. Although communities did mix and people did cross borders, it became clear that language and linguistic features could also move without communities moving.

Quel corpus pour l’étude du dialecte niçois ?

2021 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-361
Author(s):  
Philippe Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Descriptive Grammar ◽  
Written Production ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Social Use ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In ◽  
Do So

Abstract A new project has just been launched to write a synchronic, descriptive grammar of Niçois, the Occitan dialect of Nice. In this article, I define the corpus of the research. To do so, I first review written production from the Middle Ages to the present. I then analyze the linguistic features of Niçois over time, in order to determine the precise starting point of the current language state. But because of reinforced normativism and the decreasing social use of Niçois among the educated population, written language after WWII became artificial and does not really correspond to recordings made in the field. The corpus will thus be composed of writings from the 1820’s to WWII and recordings from the last few decades.

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