scholarly journals Radishchev’s “Bova” and Its Place in the History of Russian Folkloric Stylization

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-89
Author(s):  
Michael Wachtel
Keyword(s):  
Present Essay ◽  
History Of ◽  
Poetic Work

Aleksandr Radishchev (1749–1802) has long been recognized for the boldness and originality of his writings. The present essay examines a substantial but largely forgotten poetic work (“Bova”), focusing on its experimental metrics. The author considers Radishchev’s possible motivations in creating this unprecedented form and suggests a new means of categorizing it.

Some Thoughts About Genre in Old Javanese Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter John Worsley
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Epic Poem ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Poetic Work

Robson in 1983 and 1988 in his reconsideration of the poetics of kakawin epics and Javanese philology drew readers’ attention to the importance of genre for the history of ancient Javanese literature. Aoyama in his study of the kakawin Sutasoma in 1992, making judicious use of Hans Jauss’s concept of “horizon of expectation”, offered the first systematic discussion of the genre of Old Javanese literary works. The present essay offers a commentary on the terms which mpu Monaguna and mpu Prapañca, authors of the thirteenth century epic kakawin Sumanasāntaka and the fourteenth century Deśawarṇana, themselves, employ to refer to the generic characteristics of their poems. Mpu Monaguna referred to his epic poem as a narrative work (kathā), written in a prakṛt, Old Javanese, and rendered in the poetic form of a kakawin and finally as a ritual act intended to enable the poet to achieve apotheosis with his tutelary deity and his poem to be the means of transforming the world, in particular to ensure the wellbeing of the readers, listeners, copyists and those who possessed copies of his poetic work. Mpu Prapañca described his Deśawarṇana differently. Also written in Old Javanese and in the poetic form of a kakawin—he refers to his work variously as a narrative work (kathā), a chronicle (śakakāla or śakābda), a praise poem (kastawan) and also as a ritual act designed to enable the author in an ecstatic state of rapture (alangö), and filled with the power and omniscience of his tutelary deity, to ensure the continued prosperity of the realm of Majapahit and to secure the rule of his king Rājasanagara. The essay considers each of these literary categories.

Philippine Archaeology: Status and Prospects

1987 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl L. Hutterer
Keyword(s):  
Present Form ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Made In

The purpose of the present essay is not to present a history of Philippine archaeology; several preliminary attempts have been made in this regard which may be consulted. Rather, the aim of this paper is to pause for a moment and look across the landscape of Philippine archaeology to assess what has been accomplished to date, to ponder strength and weaknesses of the field at this time, and to consider future directions. Nevertheless, the shape of any landscape is the result of historical events and processes that need to be taken into account if we want to understand its present form and assess its future potential and development. Thus, it will be necessary to include in the following thoughts historical perspectives which will help to explain how and why certain concepts, methods and research practices arose in the context of Philippine archaeology and came to determine our picture of Philippine prehistory.

scholarly journals Conservation and Livelihood Conflict of Kaziranga National Park: A World Heritage Site of Assam, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-232
Author(s):  
Arup Kumar Hazarika ◽  
Unmilan Kalita
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Natural Evolution ◽  
Conservation History ◽  
Kaziranga National Park ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wildlife Reserve

The conservation history of Kaziranga National Park has traversed many a path since it was first recognised as a ‘game sanctuary’ in 1916. The unique aesthetics and richness of its biodiversity, severely afflicted by natural and anthropogenic interventions now and then, has necessitated conservation of this wildlife reserve. An outcome of the conservation process pertains to disruptions in livelihood of the local communities, that have for generations, used the park’s natural resources and therefore, had become a part of its natural evolution. Hundreds of people have lost their livelihoods and violent confrontations have become a typical scene, with the communities being utterly left out of the conservation process. In this light, the present essay envisages discussing the centrality of community participation in the conservation of Kaziranga National Park vis-à-vis a conjugation of the conservation process and livelihood aspirations of the local people.

Incomplete Routes to Moral Objectivity: Four Variants of Naturalism

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-217
Author(s):  
David Sidorsky
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
John Dewey ◽  
David Hume ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Ethical Theories ◽  
Moral Objectivity ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
History Of ◽  
Integrated Or

The search for moral objectivity has been constant throughout the history of philosophy, although interpretations of the nature and scope of objectivity have varied. One aim of the pursuit of moral objectivity has been the demonstration of what may be termed its epistemological thesis, that is, the claim that the truth of assertions of the goodness or rightness of moral acts is as legitimate, reliable, or valid as the truth of assertions involving other forms of human knowledge, such as common sense, practical expertise, science, or mathematics. Another aim of the quest for moral objectivity may be termed its pragmatic formulation; this refers to the development of a method or procedure that will mediate among conflicting moral views in order to realize a convergence or justified agreement about warranted or true moral conclusions. In the ethical theories of Aristotle, David Hume, and John Dewey, theories that represent three of the four variants of ethical naturalism (defined below) that are surveyed in this essay, the epistemological thesis and the pragmatic formulation are integrated or combined. The distinction between these two elements is significant for the present essay, however, since I want to show that linguistic naturalism, the fourth variant I shall examine, has provided a demonstration of the epistemological thesis about moral knowledge, even if the pragmatic formulation has not been successfully realized.

Is the Post- in Postcolonial the Post- in Post-Soviet? Toward a Global Postcolonial Critique

PMLA ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Chioni Moore
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
The West ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
East Bloc ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
European Colonization ◽  
History Of ◽  
Former Soviet Republics

The enormous twenty-seven-nation post-Soviet sphere—including the former Soviet republics and the former “East Bloc” states—is virtually never discussed in the burgeoning discourse of postcolonial studies. Yet Russia and the successor Soviet Union exercised colonial control over the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Baltics, and Central and Eastern Europe for anywhere from fifty to two hundred years. The present essay interrogates the possible postcoloniality of the post-Soviet sphere, including Russia. The investigation is complicated by Russia's seeming Eurasian status and its history of perceived cultural inferiority to the West. A broad range of theoretical, historical, cultural, and geographic positions are examined, and figures such as Curzon, Conrad, Lermontov, and Shohat are addressed. In conclusion the essay argues against the current occidentocentric privileging of Western European colonization as the standard and proposes a fully global postcolonial critique. Overall, it critiques both too narrow post-Soviet studies and too parochial, too Anglo-Franco-focused postcolonial studies.

scholarly journals Contemporary Misticism: Recovering Sensible Aesthetics in an Age of Digital Production

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Randall Van Schepen
Keyword(s):  
Artistic Development ◽  
History Of Photography ◽  
Traditional Art ◽  
Critical Attitude ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Digital Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
Print Era ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Materialist accounts of artistic development emphasize the ongoing revolution of media in the progress of history. Amongst the most popular accounts of modernity are Walter Benjamin’s essays on the relationship of photography to traditional art. His account of the loss of aura has been subject to countless reinterpretations since its publication. The present essay addresses the contemporary production of a number of architects and artists whose work provides an interesting challenge to the Benjaminian account of the secularization of artistic ritual. The artists Adam Fuss, Vera Lutter, Alison Rossiter, Sally Mann, and others have recently been exploring photographic methods that contradict the Benjaminian account of the history of photography. They continue to explore techniques that Benjamin placed in the auratic pre-paper-print era, such as Daguerreotypes and photograms, as well as employing other more material/chemically based effects. Such artistic choices are often considered nothing more than a nostalgic reverie trying to stem the tide of materialist history, a flawed search for a lost aura of presence. However, when these works are set against the backdrop of contemporary digitized production and of the Dusseldorf School as well as most other contemporary photographers, these “retro” works stand as a critical counterpoint to our present seamless digital imperium. The soft and hazy effects of these works, what I am calling their misticism, occludes the particularity of digital bits of information in a search to connect to the material and the sensual, something denied by information-saturated technologies. Even within a materialist approach to history, there is room to view these architectural and artistic effects as critically productive rather than merely retrograde. The present essay argues for the timely relevance of contemporary retro-photographic techniques in fostering both a critical attitude and as evidence of attempts to recover a sense of spiritual presence.

Graphophonology and anachronic phonology Notes on episodes in the history of pseudo-phonology

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Sound Structure ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Linear B

AbstractIn the present essay some of what have been the more influential conceptions of phonology are examined in the light of what I see as ‘intrusions’ into its domain, starting with a strand of orthographic influence. I am concerned with the extent to which various ‘phonological’ proposals might be described as ‘graphophonological’ rather than strictly phonological. This examination also reveals the interaction of the graphophonological impulse with the impact of other considerations that are not proper to synchronic phonology. Most pertinent here is the more familiarly controversial formulation as synchronic generalizations of what are substitutes for the diachronic regularities reflected in morphophonological alternations: what I call ‘anachronic’ phonology, associated, for the most part, with the conflation of morphophonology and phonology; another instance of ‘pseudo-phonology’. Scrutinized here are particularly proposals concerning sound structure associated with the classical littera, with the (‘taxonomic’) phoneme, and with the morphophoneme (or ‘systematic phoneme’). Finally, after an evaluation of an overtly graphophonological proposal, the orthographic rather than phonological value of ‘CVCV’ phonology is explored in relation to the inadequacies of the Linear B syllabary.

Questions for Meta-Analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sohn
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Rational Analysis ◽  
Individual Study ◽  
Conceptual Foundation ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Successful Science

In spite of an abundance of data, the empirical evidence as yet does not make clear whether meta-analysis will bring about progress in psychological science. Therefore, it is still useful and desirable to engage in rational analysis of the methodology. Such analysis is done in the present essay by posing five questions that go to the logical and conceptual foundation of meta-analysis. The questions are (a) What are the grounds for believing that the review of the literature, even a quantitative one, will bring about scientific discovery? (b) Why is the individual study devalued when the history of successful science seems largely the story of the success of the individual study? (c) What is the rationale for believing that data analysis by itself can markedly improve the fortunes of psychological science? (d) Is there a basis for claims made on behalf of meta-analysis that it is more accurate than either the traditional literature review or the individual study? (e) Is there justification for the claim that de facto meta-analysis has been used effectively in physical science?

Liberalism, Nationalism and Socialism: The Birth of Three Words

1970 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. de Bertier de Sauvigny
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
French Language ◽  
Old Order ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
History Of

Three powerful ideologies emerging in the first half of the nineteenth century combined to destroy the Old Order in Western Europe and shape its future: liberalism, nationalism and socialism. Little is known about the genesis of the three words that served to designate these ideologies. The most casual research will reveal astonishing contradictions among the recognized authorities, the lexicographers, not to speak of some glaring mistakes that appear in the writings of notable historians. For such shortcomings there is no lack of excuse. Indeed, in order to produce a sound and indisputable history of these three master words, it is necessary to sift so much material—no less than the whole printed output of the age—that the task appears quite hopeless. The present essay, therefore, is clearly open to criticism and revision; it has no other purpose than to suggest some guidelines of approach and to patch together some of the scraps of evidence now available. All this, let it be well understood, being confined to the French language and scene. Similar probes in the English or German soil would undoubtedly reveal different patterns.

scholarly journals Review: Cercel, C.S. (2018). Towards a Jurisprudence of State Communism. Law and the Failure of Revolution. London: Routledge. 240 рp.

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-214
Author(s):  
Mikhail Antonov
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Legal Philosophy ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Legal Ideology ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
History Of ◽  
Procedural Autonomy ◽  
Legal Rationality ◽  
Good Contrast

The present essay is a review of the 2018 book by Professor Cosmin Cercel TowardsaJurisprudenceofStateCommunism.LawandtheFailureofRevolution. In reviewer’s opinion, this book is a good contrast to the books and articles written in the first post-Soviet years in the Central European countries, when the intellectuals glorified the Western ideals and condemned the socialist past of their countries and the ideological legacy of the communist regimes. The focal point of the book under review is to rethink the history of authoritarianism in Romania through analyzing the formalist legal ideology that was utilized by communist regimes for their purposes. In author’s opinion, the ideas of Soviet jurisprudence do not significantly differ from the bourgeois discourse about law that characterizes the modernity. In the perspective of this discourse, the formal and procedural autonomy of legal rules (the regime of legality) is opposed to the substantial exceptions from these rules which are justified with references to higher values. These latter underpin the legitimacy of the laws. There were different versions of postulation of such values in the Western and in the communist legal theories, but all these versions are equally based on the same dualist paradigm of legal thinking.The author contextualizes this analysis of the legal philosophy of the interwar period within theoretical attempts to understand law through its connection with the state represented a kind of psychological defense of the classical jurisprudence against the revolutionary changes of the first decades of the XX century. These attempts are considered by the author as a function of psychoanalytical replacement and ousting of the historical facts from legal mentality, as far as these facts undermined the legal rationality and demonstrated the triumph of political violence over legal order. This semantic background was important for legal and political changes in the postwar Romania after 1945 — the wide discretional powers of the regime were justified with reference to the principle of exception which allows avoidance of rules in the name of people, country or state. This theoretical construction was largely utilized by the authoritarian regime which did not invent anything new but just followed the theoretical paths protracted in the interwar legal philosophy and theory.

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