scholarly journals Instrumental Assessment of Urban Plantings of Balsam Poplar

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е. Рунова ◽  
E. Runova ◽  
Людмила Аношкина ◽  
Lyudmila Anoshkina
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Internal Damage ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions

Trees and shrubs grown in ordinary plantings along city streets play a role of barrier between residential developments and highway, protecting residential area from adverse impact of motor vehicles. Different varieties of poplar have received large spread in the greening of cities. This unpretentious, resistant to dust and gases, fast growing species is able to successfully protect living space from harmful emissions. In Bratsk, with harsh, sharply continental climate and adverse environmental conditions, balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) is dominant variety of species. The age of trees currently close to critical one (40-50 years), therefore there is a need of gradual replacement of plantations of Populus balsamifera L. in urban plantings. In one of the residential areas of the city a study on plantations of poplars was conducted. Samples of 653 tree were studied in a visual way: damage of different nature are fixed: thinning of branches, thinning of crown, frost cracks, side-dry tree, mechanical damage, curvature of trunk, presence of rot, hollows, exfoliation, contaminants. We compared the trees subjected to pruning of the crown and trees without pruning. It was discovered that beheading trees are damaged more. 102 trees were examined using Resistograph 4450 device. This method, which is less traumatic for the tree, allows to accurately determine the presence of rot in the trunk. Central rot was detected in different degrees of spread in all trees. There are trees, which state is normal in visual inspection, but the results of instrumental evaluation show internal damage to the trunk by more than 80 %. The greatest danger is the trees with inclination of the trunk, asymmetry of crown. In the presence of the central rot, such trees are considered hazardous ones. 17 of 102 trees were considered hazardous and they are recommended for cutting. A significant part of plantations are planted with violation of the rules: distance from the edge of the roadway to the axis of tree does not comply with the regulatory, which affects traffic safety and condition of plantations. On the basis of conducted research, conclusions are formulated and recommendations on the improvement of urban spaces are proposed, restoration of their environmental and aesthetic functions: to gradually replace old plantings of poplars to other dust - and gas resistant species, expanding the range of vegetation; to comply with the rules in cutting of poplars; to carry out agricultural activities, to remove damaged trees on time.

scholarly journals Assessment of the condition of Balsam poplar trees (Populus balsamifera L.) in a residental area of Bratsk

2021 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Elena Runova ◽  
Vasilij Verkhoturov ◽  
Lyudmila Anoshkina ◽  
Ivan Garus
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Assessment Data ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Instrumental Assessment ◽  
Poplar Trees ◽  
The City

In this study, we investigated the health status of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) trees in a residential area of the city of Bratsk (Irkutsk Oblast, Russia). Visual and instrumental assessment of the health status of pruned and unpruned trees was performed. The identified internal defects in the tree were analyzed with a Resistograph device, which enabled the extent of decayed wood to be determined. Visual analysis revealed various types of damage: dried branches, brittle crowns, frost cracks, mechanical damage, curvature of trunks, decay and inclusions of foreign bodies. We compared trees with and without canopy pruning. We found that pruned trees were significantly more damaged than non-pruned trees. Decomposing wood at different stages of development was found in all the trees studied. A tree passport combining the visual and instrumental assessment data was compiled for each tree. The results of the research were used to formulate conclusions and recommendations for improving the management of urban trees in order to restore their ecological and aesthetic functions.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF RELATIVE LIFE CONDITION OF PLANTATIONS OF DROOPING BIRCH (BETULAPENDULA ROTH.) AND BALSAM POPLAR (POPULUS BALSAMIFERA L.) IN INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL AREAS OF STERLITAMAK INDUSTRIAL CENTER

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 197-206
Author(s):  
A.Kh. Ibragimova ◽  
O.V. Tagirova ◽  
R.Kh. Giniyatullin ◽  
A.Yu. Kulagin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Life Condition ◽  
Crown Density ◽  
Industrial Center

Determination of relative life condition of tree plantations allows to evaluate the suitability of certain trees and plants to the effects of technogenic environmental factors. Plantations of drooping birch and balsam poplar in the industrial and residential areas of Sterlitamak industrial center are investigated. At collection and processing of factual material conventional methods of study of tree plantations are used. Instrumental (diameter, height, age) and visual determination (crown density, degree of leaf damage, presence of dead branches) of diagnostic parameters are carried out. An assessment of relative life condition is carried out.

scholarly journals Contrasting Perspectives on the Comfort and Safety of Pedestrians Interacting with Other Road Users

2021 ◽  
Vol 2675 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Alexander Bigazzi ◽  
Gurdiljot Gill ◽  
Meghan Winters
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Road User ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
User Interactions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Expert Assessments ◽  
Sample Representation

Assessments of interactions between road users are crucial to understanding comfort and safety. However, observers may vary in their perceptions and ratings of road user interactions. The objective of this paper is to examine how perceptions of yielding, comfort, and safety for pedestrian interactions vary among observers, ranging from members of the public to road safety experts. Video clips of pedestrian interactions with motor vehicles and bicycles were collected from 11 crosswalks and shown to three groups of participants (traffic safety experts, an engaged citizen advisory group, and members of the general public) along with questions about yielding, comfort, and risk of injury. Experts had similar views of yielding and comfort to the other two groups, but a consistently lower assessment of injury risk for pedestrians in the study. Respondent socio-demographics did not relate to perceptions of yielding, comfort, or risk, but self-reported travel habits did. Respondents who reported walking more frequently rated pedestrian comfort as lower, and respondents who reported cycling more frequently rated risk as lower for pedestrian interactions with both motor vehicles and bicycles. Findings suggest small groups of engaged citizens can provide useful information about public perspectives on safety that likely diverge from expert assessments of risk, and that sample representation should be assessed in relation to travel habits rather than socio-demographics.

scholarly journals Drunk Drivers’ Willingness to Use and to Pay for Designated Drivers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5362
Author(s):  
Rong-Chang Jou ◽  
Li-Wun Syu
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Drunk Driving ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
Drunk Drivers ◽  
Double Hurdle ◽  
The Government ◽  
Willingness To Use

While drunk driving accidents, which are a serious problem in Taiwan, have decreased in recent years, cases of drunk driving continue to emerge endlessly, and are a source of traffic risks even when the accidents cause no injuries. In order to prevent drunk driving and reduce car accidents, the government has made laws stricter, and has vigorously promoted “designated drivers”. As the concept of designated drivers is not common in Taiwan, this study mainly explores drunk drivers’ understanding of designated drivers in Nantou County and Taichung City, and investigates the willingness of drunk drivers to use and to pay for designated driving services. This study conducted a questionnaire survey on the drunk drivers of the drunk driving and traffic safety training course held at the Motor Vehicles Office. Double-hurdle and tobit models were applied to investigate the issues mentioned above. According to the test results, the tobit model was superior to the double-hurdle model. The estimation results indicated that distance, age, income, family conditions, and drinking habits influence the willingness to use and to pay for designated drivers. Gender, age, family background, and experience in designated driving cause differences in the willingness to use designated drivers in the two regions. It is expected that the conclusion of this study could provide a direction and reference for the future improvement of designated driving services.

Road barriers: modern solutions for improving traffic safety

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Energy Absorbing ◽  
The Impact

Improving the system of preventive measures aimed at reducing the severity of the consequences of road accidents is an urgent task. Road deaths are constantly increasing and there is a need for a comprehensive approach to creating safe road conditions. The purpose of this study is to analyze the promising designs of road barriers designed to prevent uncontrolled exit of vehicles from the roadway of the highway and to develop the design of energy-absorbing fencing. Barrier barriers must not only be safe for road users, but must also ensure their safety, as well as preserve the elements after hitting the fence. Analytical studies have shown that in order to reduce mechanical damage to vehicles and reduce the severity of injuries to the driver and passengers, it is necessary to develop a road fence design that allows you to extinguish the impact energy at the moment of contact between the car and the fence. Keywords: fencing, barrier, safety, traffic accident

scholarly journals 40. MVCs: Five Most Frequent Sources of Injury

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (S2) ◽  
pp. S41-S41
Author(s):  
John E. Gough ◽  
Richard C. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
National Highway Traffic Safety ◽  
National Highway

Purpose: To determine the most frequent sources of injuries from the interior of motor vehicles involved in crashes.Methods: We searched the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's National Accident Sampling System to determine the most frequent sources of injuries. This database includes sources of injuries resulting from crashes from January 1, 1991 to December 31, 1992.

scholarly journals Computation of history-dependent mechanical damage of axonal fiber tracts in the brain: towards tracking sub-concussive and occupational damage to the brain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse I. Gerber ◽  
Harsha T. Garimella ◽  
Reuben H. Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Bundle ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Internal Damage ◽  
Damage Models ◽  
Axonal Fiber ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTFinite element models are frequently used to simulate traumatic brain injuries. However, current models are unable to capture the progressive damage caused by repeated head trauma. In this work, we propose a method for computing the history-dependent mechanical damage of axonal fiber bundle tracts in the brain. Through the introduction of multiple damage models, we provide the ability to link consecutive head impact simulations, so that potential injury to the brain can be tracked over time. In addition, internal damage variables are used to degrade the mechanical response of each axonal fiber bundle element. As a result, the stiffness of the aggregate tissue decreases as damage evolves. To counteract this degenerative process, we have also introduced a preliminary healing model that reverses the accumulated damage, based on a user-specified healing duration. Using two detailed examples, we demonstrate that damage produces a significant decrease in fiber stress, which ultimately propagates to the tissue level and produces a measurable decrease in overall stiffness. These results suggest that damage modeling has the potential to enhance current brain simulation techniques and lead to new insights, especially in the study of repetitive head injuries.

scholarly journals Climate-driven local adaptation of ecophysiology and phenology in balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera L. (Salicaceae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Keller ◽  
Raju Y. Soolanayakanahally ◽  
Robert D. Guy ◽  
Salim N. Silim ◽  
Matthew S. Olson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Balsam Poplar

Effects of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) tannins and low molecular weight phenolics on microbial activity in taiga floodplain soil: implications for changes in N cycling during succession

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua P. Schimel ◽  
Keith Van Cleve ◽  
Rex G. Cates ◽  
Thomas P. Clausen ◽  
Paul B. Reichardt
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Floodplain Soil ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
River Floodplains

The transition from alder (Alnus tenuifolia) to balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) is a critical turning point in primary succession on river floodplains in interior Alaska. Associated with the change in plant species are large changes in N cycling. N-fixation and nitrification decrease and the system becomes N-limited, with NH4+ dominating the inorganic N pool. Balsam poplar leaves contain large quantities of tannins and low molecular weight phenolic compounds. We evaluated the effect of these compounds on microbial respiration and N cycling in laboratory assays on soils from an alder-dominated site. Plant compounds were purified and applied to silica gel as an inert carrier. Both tannins and phenolics caused net N-immobilization over a 30-day assay. However, tannins inhibited respiration while phenolics stimulated it. There were no specific effects on nitrification. Thus, tannins acted as a general microbial inhibitor, while phenolics acted as a growth substrate. By inhibiting mineralization while stimulating immobilization, poplar secondary compounds may reduce soil N-availability during the transition betwen alder and poplar stages in succession. Keywords: respiration, mineralization, tannins, secondary chemicals, succession, plant–microbe interactions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document