scholarly journals Postponement and Recuperation in Cohort Fertility:Austria, Germany and Switzerland in a European Context

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Sobotka ◽  
Kryštof Zeman ◽  
Ron Lesthaeghe ◽  
Tomas Frejka ◽  
Karel Neels
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Relational Model ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Cohort Fertility

Across developed countries, cohorts of women born after World War II have seen a shift of childbearing towards later ages and a concomitant decline in fertility level. We study this shift using the notions of fertility postponement (fertility decline at younger ages) and subsequent recuperation (a compensatory fertility increase at higher reproductive ages). We apply order-specific data and extend and elaborate on two broad approaches to this process: 1) a basic benchmark model extensively used by Tomas Frejka and his colleagues and 2) a relational model proposed by Ron Lesthaeghe (2001). Our work focuses especially on three predominantly German-speaking countries, Austria, Germany and Switzerland, and compares them with selected European countries and the United States. We illustrate the usefulness of these two approaches for constructing projection scenarios of completed cohort fertility among women of reproductive age. Using three key indicators of the postponement transition – initial fertility level, absolute fertility decline at younger ages, and the relative degree of fertility “recuperation” at older ages – we demonstrate that each of these components is salient for explaining contemporary cross-country differences in cohort fertility. Recuperation is especially important, but is also clearly patterned by birth order: whereas all the countries analysed have experienced a vigorous recovery of delayed first births, pronounced differentials are observed with regard to the recuperation of second and particularly of third and later births. In line with the differentials observed, projected values of completed fertility in five European countries vary widely for the cohorts born in the early 1980s, ranging from 1.3 in the lowest scenario for Spain to over 1.8 in the highest scenario for the Czech Republic.

Who Are the Immigrants?

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Alba ◽  
Nancy Foner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Immigration Laws ◽  
Economic Migration ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
Social Landscapes ◽  
Permanent Residents

This chapter explores the role of post-World War II immigration laws and policies of France, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands, United States, and Canada in giving rise to the mix of new social groups on their social landscapes. In one fundamental sense, the immigration regimes of European countries, the United States, and Canada are very much alike. All are restrictive in that they set limits on the numbers and type of people who can settle as permanent residents. There are, however, important transatlantic differences, lending some support to the common perception that Canada and the United States are more welcoming of immigration. Western European countries continue to be wary about immigration from outside of Europe. Their wariness is reflected in their attempts to make migration through marriages to the second generation more difficult as well as in immigration laws that constrain economic migration from the global South, keeping its numbers modest while seeking to select high human-capital immigrants.

Colonizing Palestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-120
Author(s):  
Mahmoud O. Haddad
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
East Europe ◽  
East European ◽  
Eastern Question ◽  
Strategic Policies

This study compiles historical information to highlight the role played by both East and West European countries in the creation of Israel since before World War I. East European countries, especially Russia, Poland, and Romania, were as effective in this regard as the West Europeans. While racial policies were paramount in East Europe, including Germany, religious and strategic policies were as effective in the West, especially in Britain. Two points can be redrawn in this regard: That the question of Palestine was a Western question on both sides of the continent; it had nothing to do with the Eastern question that engulfed the Ottoman Empire before and during World War I. Additionally while World War II did not start the process of creating Israel, it accelerated it since the United States became an active supporter of the Zionist project. The second conclusion explains why all major powers give so much latitude to Israel, regardless of its constant neglect of international law to this very day.

The Growth of E-Commerce in Developing Countries

2013 ◽  
pp. 29-43
Author(s):  
Japhet E. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Market ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Use Of The Internet

The growth of the Internet has opened up a vast arena, providing more opportunities for businesses, particularly small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to sell their products and services to a global audience than they would have been able to afford to reach using the traditional methods. SMEs are extremely important to many countries and their contribution to economy cannot be over emphasized. Several researchers have studied the contribution of the Internet and highlight the importance of convenience, satisfaction, quality, and consumer purchase behavior. In this study, it is argued that SMEs stand to benefit significantly from the opportunities and benefits that the Internet offers to businesses. Therefore, the use of the Internet is widely seen as critical for the competitiveness of SMEs in the emerging global market. The study is exploratory in nature and will be conducted in three stages. The findings presented in this paper, argues that SMEs in developing countries must learn from the experiences of developed countries, such as the United States and European countries, and use the Internet more frequently.

The Growth of E-Commerce in Developing Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Japhet E. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Market ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Use Of The Internet

The growth of the Internet has opened up a vast arena, providing more opportunities for businesses, particularly small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to sell their products and services to a global audience than they would have been able to afford to reach using the traditional methods. SMEs are extremely important to many countries and their contribution to economy cannot be over emphasized. Several researchers have studied the contribution of the Internet and highlight the importance of convenience, satisfaction, quality, and consumer purchase behavior. In this study, it is argued that SMEs stand to benefit significantly from the opportunities and benefits that the Internet offers to businesses. Therefore, the use of the Internet is widely seen as critical for the competitiveness of SMEs in the emerging global market. The study is exploratory in nature and will be conducted in three stages. The findings presented in this paper, argues that SMEs in developing countries must learn from the experiences of developed countries, such as the United States and European countries, and use the Internet more frequently.

The realization of fertility intentions in the context of childbearing postponement: comparison of transitional and post-transitional populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-97
Author(s):  
Jiřina Kocourková ◽  
Anna Šťastná
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Western European Country ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Ideal Family ◽  
Cohort Fertility ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Late Childbearing ◽  
The Postponement

AbstractChildbearing postponement is a key demographic change that has been experienced by most European countries. It leads to a late-fertility pattern, with women realizing their reproductive plans preferentially after the age of 30. This may result in a lower fertility level. Since the ideal family size has not changed in most European countries, it has been argued that the end of the postponement transition further depends on the extent to which the lower fertility of younger women is compensated for by an increase in that of older women. Thus, the completion of the transition depends not only on the formation of a late childbearing pattern, but also on the capability of women to realize their reproductive plans if they commence childbearing later in their lives. This study employed a new approach to assess postponement transition based on analysis of the realization of the fertility intentions of women at later childbearing ages using survey panel data. A method that enables the differentiation between transitional and post-transitional cohorts was applied. The investigation was based on a comparison of the postponement transition in Czechia and France, the former being a post-communist and the latter a Western European country. It was found that despite having a similar pattern of fertility timing, Czechia and France underwent differing phases of postponement transition. The Czech population was identified as being transitional since only the ‘transition’ cohorts had completed their fertility during the period under study. These cohorts did not show a significant increase in realization of fertility intentions in later age. In contrast, the post-transitional French population is characterized by higher completed cohort fertility rates amongst women who entered motherhood at the age of 30 and over and by the significantly higher realization of fertility intentions for women aged 30–34 years.

The Record of Economic Growth, Business Cycles, and Economic Policies in American Economic History

2018 ◽  
pp. 224-257
Author(s):  
Lee Ohanian
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Long Run

This chapter documents and analyzes the American historical economic record of growth and business cycles within the context of long-run and short-run economic policy changes. The United States is unique among all of the developed countries in terms of having a sustained and fairly stable record of economic growth. Given the large changes in various policies that have occurred over time, this record suggests that policy shifts have had almost no impact on the growth rate over the very long run. However, policy changes have had a significant impact on economic activity over shorter horizons, including the Great Depression and World War II. This chapter also argues that microeconomic policies, such as regulatory policies, tax policies, and labor policies, have had as much of an impact on aggregate economic activity as macroeconomic policies, such as monetary policy and government spending and transfer policies

scholarly journals Global Apartheid: A Postscript

Refuge ◽  
2001 ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Anthony H. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Refugee Protection ◽  
The World ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers

Trends in the numbers and location of refugees and asylum seekers during the 1980s and the 1990s are compared. The question of whether the world has created a system of “global apartheid” is reviewed. The outcome of asylum applications filed in European countries is compared with those in Canada and the United States. It is concluded that racism still prevails in the treatment of refugees. Canada’s record compares favourably with those of other developed countries, although the main burden of refugee protection still falls on less developed regions of the world.

United States

2019 ◽  
pp. 463-478
Author(s):  
Michael J. Bazyler ◽  
Kathryn Lee Boyd ◽  
Kristen L. Nelson ◽  
Rajika L. Shah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Settlement Agreements ◽  
The U.S

The United States entered World War II on the side of the Allied forces in 1941. While no immovable property located in the United States was confiscated during the war, the United States was involved with armistice agreements and the 1947 Paris Peace Treaties, which included clauses requiring the protection, return, and/or compensation of property. The United States was also involved in bilateral claims settlement agreements with several European countries, to address compensation for confiscated or nationalized property during and after the war. In the 1990s, the United States was a facilitator in large-scale Holocaust restitution. Several lawsuits against sovereigns and private parties involving stolen Jewish property were filed in American courts and continue today. The political branches of the U.S. government were involved in the settlement of Holocaust restitution lawsuits. The United States endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.

The Productivity Slowdown, The Oil Shocks, and the Real Cycle

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mancur Olson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oil Shocks ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Productivity Slowdown ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Fresh Perspective ◽  
Area North

Five facts stand out about economic performance in the United States since World War II. The first is that, for most of the postwar period, the U.S. has had a slower rate of economic growth than the other major developed democracies except Great Britain, and much lower rates of growth than Germany, Japan, and Italy. The second is that the United States has fallen far behind in many mass production industries in which it used to lead the world, whereas it is ahead of other nations in many new and especially high-technology industries. The third is that most of the older heartland of American industry -- roughly the area north and east of an arc drawn from Baltimore to St. Louis to Milwaukee -- has declined dramatically in comparison with the South and the West. The fourth is the near cessation of the growth of productivity since the early 1970s in the United States as well as in other developed countries. The fifth is the shift from the unexpectedly good macroeconomic performance of the 1950s and 1960s to the simultaneous and theoretically anomalous increases in unemployment and inflation rates in the 1970s. This article attempts to show, with distinctive quantitative estimates, that the familiar attempts to trace the productivity slowdown to higher energy prices cannot be right, but that the oil shocks had a significant indirect impact on the productivity slowdown. I argue that this roundabout impact becomes evident only when we introduce a fresh perspective on macroeconomics that also helps to explain the anomalous emergence of stagflation in the 1970s. Auspiciously, all five prominent facts are explained within the same parsimonious framework.

scholarly journals Kryzys mieszkaniowy w wybranych krajach Europy i w Stanach Zjednoczonych

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-54
Author(s):  
Pola Latko
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Real Estate Bubble ◽  
The Usa

W artykule poddaję analizie sytuację mieszkaniową w wybranych państwach Europy i w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Artykuł został podzielony na kilka części opisujących przyczyny i skutki kryzysu hipotecznego w Stanach Zjednoczonych, bezdomności pracowników Doliny Krzemowej, „pęknięcia” bańki mieszkaniowej w Hiszpanii, problemów mieszkaniowych na Wyspach Brytyjskich (pustostany w Londynie i kryzys wynajmu w Irlandii), buntu lokatorskiego w Berlinie i ubóstwa mieszkaniowego w Polsce. We wstępie uzasadniam, dlaczego mieszkanie powinno być postrzegane jako prawo człowieka, a nie towar. Zwracam uwagę na to, że od lat 80. XX wieku rządy państw rozwiniętych wycofywały się z zarządzania gospodarką mieszkaniową, pozwalając na jej regulację mechanizmom rynkowym. W każdym z omawianych państw doprowadziło to do znacznego wzrostu cen nieruchomości i wynajmu oraz napływu kapitału spekulacyjnego. Jako odmienny przykład wskazuję Wiedeń, gdzie rynek nieruchomości jest wciąż regulowany przez miasto i dzięki temu zdołano uniknąć tego scenariusza. Housing crisis in selected European countries and in the USA In this article I analyze the housing situation in selected European countries and in the USA. The article is divided into several parts in which I describe causes and effects of the mortgage crisis in the United States, homelessness of Silicon Valley workers, the Spanish real estate bubble “burst”, housing problems in the British Isles (vacancies in London and the rental crisis in Ireland), the tenant revolt in Berlin and housing poverty in Poland. In the introduction I justify why housing should be seen as a human right and not as a commodity. I note that since the 1980s governments of developed countries have withdrawn from housing management, allowing it to be regulated by market mechanisms. In each of the countries under review, this has led to a significant increase in property and rental prices as well as an inflow of venture capital. As an opposite example, I mention Vienna, where the real estate market is still regulated by the city, thus it managed to avoid this scenario.

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