Recent genome-wide association studies have identified various obesity or metabolic syndrome (MetS) susceptibility loci. However, most studies were conducted in a cross-sectional manner. To address this gap, we performed a longitudinal exome-wide association study to identify susceptibility loci for obesity and MetS in a Japanese population. We traced clinical data of 6,022 Japanese subjects who had annual health check-ups for several years (mean follow-up period, 5 yr) and genotyped ~244,000 genetic variants. The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with body mass index (BMI) or the prevalence of obesity and MetS was examined in a generalized estimating equation model. Our longitudinal exome-wide association studies detected 21 BMI- and five MetS-associated SNPs (false discovery rate, FDR <0.01). Among these SNPs, 16 have not been previously implicated as determinants of BMI or MetS. Cross-sectional data for obesity- and MetS-related phenotypes in 7,285 Japanese subjects were examined in a replication study. Among the 16 SNPs, three ( rs9491140 , rs145848316 , and rs7863248 ) were related to BMI in the replication cohort ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, three SNPs [ rs9491140 of NKAIN2 (FDR = 0.003, P = 1.9 × 10−5), rs145848316 of KMT2C (FDR = 0.007, P = 4.5 × 10−5), and rs7863248 of AGTPBP1 (FDR = 0.006, P = 4.2 × 10−5)] were newly identified as susceptibility loci for BMI.
Average gut flora in healthy Japanese subjects stratified by age and body mass index
