scholarly journals General and Relative Growth Studies in Formulated Feed of Fresh Water Prawn M. Assamensis peninsularis (Tiwari) from Kumaon Himalaya, Uttarakhand

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 916-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamta Joshi ◽  
Nandkishor Ingole ◽  
H. C. S Bisht ◽  
N. N Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Formulated Diets ◽  
Kumaon Himalaya ◽  
Formulated Feed ◽  
Ingredient Composition

The present paper deals with the study of relative growth of fresh water prawn Macrobrachium assamensis peninsularis. Experiment was conducted to study the effect of different formulated diets. The experiment diets were prepared with similar ingredient composition with only difference in protein supplement source. The stocked animals were fed with control diet (D0) and three experimental diets (D1-D3). The food was given at 8 am and 4 pm at the rate of 5% of the total biomass. Study was conducted during July 2007- June 2008. The relative per month growth increment was observed maximum in the case of animal fed with diet D3 followed by animal fed with diet D2. It was 2.08 mm in male and 1.44 in female for per month increment in length of animal fed with diet D3 and 0.11 gm in males and 0.073 gm in females for per month increment in weight of the same group of animals. Finally concluded that formulated feed to enhanced the relative growth of both the sexes under laboratory condition.

Algae Migration Characteristics in Fresh Water Red Tide

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dunchun Wang ◽  
Isao Somiya ◽  
Shigeo Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Red Tide ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Quality Indices ◽  
Vertical Distributions

To understand the algae migration characteristics in the fresh water red tide, we performed a field survey in the Shorenji Reservoir located in Nabari City, Japan. From the analysis of the field data, it is found that the patterns of vertical distributions of the indices representing biomass are very different in the morning and the afternoon. Since some water quality indices have reverse fluctuations between the surface and the bottom layer in respect of the time series changes and the total biomass of the vertical water column is relatively constant, it is concluded that vertical and daily biomass variation of red tide alga is caused by its daily migration, that is the movement from the bottom layer to the surface in the morning and the reverse movement in the afternoon.

scholarly journals Dietary sodium requirement determined for juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus) reared in fresh water and seawater

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Yen Shiau ◽  
Li-Shan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Whole Body

Two 8-week feeding trials were conducted to determine the dietary Na requirement for juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus) reared in fresh water and seawater. In each experiment, NaCl was added to the basal diet at 0, 0·5, 1, 2, 3, 5, or 7g Na/kg diet (fresh water) and at 0, 0·2, 0·5, 0·8, 1·2, 1·5, 2, or 3g Na/kg diet (seawater). Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish, individual fish initially weighing 0·69 (se 0·01) g, in a closed, recirculating rearing system. In fresh water, the tilapia fed the diet supplemented with 2g Na/kg diet had significantly (P<0·05) greater weight gain than the fish fed the diets supplemented with ≥3 and ≤0·5g Na/kg diet. Feed efficiency (FE) in fish generally followed the weight-gain pattern. Gill Na+–K+ ATPase activity was highest in the fish fed the diets supplemented with 1–3g Na/kg diet, followed by the fish fed the diet with 7g Na/kg diet and lowest in the fish fed the unsupplemented control diet. In seawater, the weight gain, FE and gill Na+–K+ ATPase activity in fish were not affected by the dietary treatment. Analysis by polynomial regression of weight gain, by broken-line regression of gill Na+–K+ ATPase activity and by linear regression of whole-body Na retention of the fish reared in fresh water, indicated that the adequate dietary Na concentration for tilapia is about 1·5g/kg diet. The present study also suggests that no dietary Na is required for tilapia reared in seawater.

scholarly journals Azolla a Boon for the Growth of Gift Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEENA GRACE BESLIN ◽  
MONISHA RAJAN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Gift Tilapia

Abstract Appreciative dietary desires and fabrication of fish nourishment is vital to the progress, sustainability of aquaculture and for the advanced feed mill rehearsal. Organizing fish feed includes choosing the exact feed, using an acceptable feeding technique, work out the feed charge and ensuring the cost efficiency of fish farm. The purpose of our present study was to feed the fishes with four different feeds and assessment of growth performance by length weight relationships. The growth analysis was executed by measuring FCR and related indices in gift tilapia oreochromis niloticus. Four feed composition was selected without any chemical contamination. In the present study fishes were collected from the golden farm, Neyyattinkara, Thiruvananthapuram district, South India. Fishes were introduced into four different tanks of well oxygenated good quality water. In each experimental tank, 20 fishes were introduced. For each experimental container a specific feed was fixed from 4 different diets. Every day feed was given to the fishes. They were fed two times for the period of 3 months. They were maintained to assess their growth performance. Four types of feeds used for the present study were control diet, diet 1, diet 2 and diet 3. Length and weight were measured on every 15 days interval for growth estimation. Based on the length-weight data, growth analysis was carried out by calculating relative growth (RG), relative growth rate (RGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the Fulton’s condition factor. The results of mean length in diet3proved the highest length of 6.455±0.46cm and diet one contain lowest length of 5.03±0.68cm. Highest weight of 96.8 ± 0.37g was recorded in diet3 and lowest weight obtained for the control diet (3.645 ± 0.306 g). In growth analysis the relative growth of fish was estimated in diet 3 having high relative growth (11.91). Relative growth rate was elevated in diet 3(1.5597). The upper limit of specific growth rate was 1.9146% noticed in diet 3. The feed conversion ratio was maximum in diet 3 (58.06) and minimum in control diet (36). The highest k value in Fulton's condition factor was noticed in diet 3(88.32).All experimental results proved that live Azolla [D3] was a superior feed for the present trials.

EVALUATION OF MEADOWFOAM (Limnanthes alba) MEAL AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR SHEEP

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 513-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. THROCKMORTON ◽  
P. R. CHEEKE ◽  
D. C. CHURCH ◽  
D. W. HOLTAN ◽  
G. D. JOLLIFF
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Limnanthes Alba ◽  
Steam Cooking ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Supplemental Protein ◽  
Growth Trial

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate meadowfoam meal (MFM) as a protein supplement for sheep. In exp. 1, a digestion trial was conducted with 49-kg wethers to compare raw and steam-cooked (SC) MFM with cottonseed meal (CSM). Apparent digestibility of energy, dry matter and crude protein of the raw MFM diet was reduced (P < 0.01) by 4, 6 and 8%, respectively, compared with CSM. Acid detergent fiber and ash digestibility were greatly reduced by 52 and 55% compared with CSM. Steam cooking caused additional (nonsignificant) reductions of all values except fiber and ash. In exp. 2, a growth trial was conducted with 20-kg wethers comparing diets in which raw MFM replaced 50–100% of the CSM in the control diet. Liveweight gain and feed efficiency were increased at least 20% over CSM at either replacement level. The results suggest that reduced digestibility of fiber and ash protected MFM protein from ruminal degradation, thus allowing larger and more efficient gains. In exp. 3, a finishing trial was conducted with 37-kg wethers comparing MFM and CSM as the supplemental protein source. There were no differences in weight gain, feed efficiency or backfat thickness, but a slight improvement was observed in dressing percentage (P < 0.05) of lambs fed the MFM diet. Histological evaluation of thyroid, liver and kidney showed no specific changes due to MFM feeding. In exp. 4, ewes consumed raw MFM at a level equal to that in exp. 3 during the last 7–9 wk of pregnancy; no differences (P > 0.05) in serum thyroid hormone values were found between treatment and controls. However, two of seven ewes on the MFM diet gave birth to lambs showing signs of goiter. The results of these experiments indicate that raw MFM is a satisfactory protein supplement for growing lambs when used at moderate levels, but should not be fed to pregnant ewes until further research can resolve the problem of goiter development in newborn lambs. Key words: Sheep, meadowfoam, Limnanthes, digestibility

Light threshold for optimal black spruce (Piceamariana) seedling growth and development under brush competition

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1629-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jobidon
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Competing Vegetation ◽  
Total Height

Light threshold is suggested as a method for quantifying brush competition in black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P) plantations and predicting losses in tree growth as measured by the relative growth rate (RGR). The severity of the competing vegetation (expressed in terms of density and height) around 300 planted tree seedlings, and the growth status of the seedlings (expressed in terms of total height and current height growth increment), were analyzed simultaneously with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), with one level of light quantity (photosynthetically active radiation) reaching the upper one-half of the tree seedlings as the predictor variable. This study showed that it is possible to establish a competitive status based on light interception, thus allowing a grouping of seedlings with similar growth characteristics and severity of competition. Canonical analysis showed that 60% of full sunlight reaching the upper one half of spruce seedlings can be defined as a threshold to significantly discriminate between stressed and unstressed tree seedlings, based on the above-mentioned variables and also based on spruce basal stem diameter. For spruce total height, current height increment, and basal stem diameter, significant differences were found between plots above and below this threshold, averaging 18.5, 44.7, and 23.2%, respectively. Measuring the intensity of light reaching the upper one half of the spruce seedlings also significantly explains spruce relative growth rates, expressed in terms of height growth increment and basal stem diameter growth increment over the following two growing seasons. The light threshold used in the MANOVA and the ANOVA showed significant differences between plots above and below the threshold, averaging 70 and 58% for spruce height and basal stem diameter RGRs, respectively. Instead of measuring competing vegetation variables and relative height of a crop species to infer light interception, this study demonstrated that a direct measure of light attenuation at the tree seedling level can be used to assess the competitive status and predict losses in tree growth for the period of time required by the seedlings to emerge from the vegetation cover. Moreover, this study demonstrated that canonical relations, rather than linear relations, explain the pattern of competition for light between young spruce seedlings and brushlike vegetation. The light threshold suggested in this study has potential for assessing interspecific competition problems in young black spruce plantations and is proposed as a tool to support a containment strategy of vegetation management.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cassava foliage as a protein supplement for sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
J. K. Alli-Balogun ◽  
C. A. M. Lakpini ◽  
J. P. Alawa ◽  
A. Mohammed ◽  
J. A. Nwanta
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Metabolic Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weight Gains

Three trials were conducted to evaluate the potential of cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage (leaves and petioles) as a protein supplement for sheep. In the first trial, nylon bag degradability of cassava foliage was studied. Proximate analysis of cassava foliage was conducted before and after the incubation. Rumen Ammonia Concentration (RAC) and pH were determined at 0, 4 and 8 hours after feeding cassava foliage diet (30%). Proximate composition of sundried cassava foliage was (%) DM 91.25, CP 18.55, NDF, 31.41, ADF, 29.2, EE, 6.6, Ash, 12.95. Nylon-bag dry matter disappearance (DMD) increased significantly (P<0.05) from 15.75% to 75.5% RAC values increased significantly from 8.20mg NH3/100ml at zero hour to 11.41mg NH3/100ml at 8 hours post feeding. Rumen fluid pH was not significantly changed by the 30% cassava foliage diet. In the second trial lasting 56 days, twenty-eight Yankasa/ WAD yearling rams of initial average weight of 18kg were balanced for weight and randomly allotted to seven treatments. All rams except those on control diet were fed cassava foliage or groundnut haulms or both at 1.0% or 1.5% of body weight (BW) as supplements to a basal diet of Gamba hay. Feeding Gamba hay alone (control) resulted in weight loss (-30.5g/day) but with cassava foliage or groundnut haulms supplementation at 1.0% BW, significantly higher gains of 39.2 and 44.6g/day were achieved respectively. At 1.5%BW level of supplementation with cassava foliage or groundnut haulms higher weight gains of 41.2 and 51.7g/day were achieved while feeding the (50.50) combined supplements at 1.0 and 1.50% BW resulted in live weight gains of 65.1 and 69.3g/day respectively. The third trial consisted of a four week grazing trial followed by a metabolic study. Twenty-one Yankasa/WAD yearling rams were randomly allotted to seven treatments and were balanced for live weight. All rams were allowed to graze standing digitaria hay as basal diet, except the rams on control diet. Those on treatment were fed cassava foliage or groundnut haulms or a (50:50) combination of both at 0.5% and 1.0% (BW). The metabolic study consisted of a seven day adjustment period and a seven day total collection period. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the live weight gains of rams on the control diet compared with those supplemented except for those supplemented with cassava foliage and groundnut haulms combined at 1% level where the weight gain was significantly higher (P<0.05). Feed intake was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by feeding either supplement. Supplementing digitaria hay with cassava foliage at both 0.5% and 1.0% BW did not significantly increase the nitrogen retention values, but groundnut haulms supplemented at 1.0% BW significantly (P<0.05) increased the nitrogen retention values.

Relative growth rate and biomass allocation of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) populations under different soil moisture and nutrient regimes

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian R Wang ◽  
C DB Hawkins ◽  
Tony Letchford
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Paper Birch

Seedlings of four geographically diverse paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) populations native to British Columbia were grown under low and high levels of water and nitrogen in a greenhouse for 3 months to examine the relative sensitivity of each population to water and nutrient availability. Nine sequential measurements on height and basal diameter growth were made, and then the seedlings were harvested for final biomass measurements. Under optimal conditions the highest elevation population ceased height growth, while the low-elevation coastal population continued to increase in height under all treatment conditions. Plants of all populations grown under high N conditions grew faster and had larger total biomass and lower root/shoot ratios than plants grown under low N conditions. Relative growth rate was significantly correlated with shoot and foliage biomass, leaf area, and root weight ratio. All populations generally responded more to low N level than to low moisture level in terms of height growth, relative growth rate, total biomass, and root/shoot ratio. This suggests that the populations observed in this study are better adapted to drought than poor soil nutrient availability. Therefore, consideration of site quality, which includes soil moisture regime and soil nutrient regime, should be a primary concern when allocating birch seed lots in a planting program.

Use of an in vitro method to determine the effects of chelators on potential iron bioavailability in diets for ruminants

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-308
Author(s):  
Shannon L. Scott ◽  
Ahmad Ghodratnama ◽  
John A. Zee ◽  
Johanne Chiquette
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Iron Bioavailability ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
In Vitro Method ◽  
Iron Solubility ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Soluble Iron ◽  
Key Words Iron ◽  
Corn Grain

An in vitro method was developed to evaluate the effect of adding chelators on the potential bioavailability of iron in diets for veal calves. The control diet was composed of corn grain and a protein supplement. The experimental diets comprised the control diet plus lignin, Na2-EDTA or Ca2-EDTA as chelators. Total soluble iron of diets containing chelators was lower than that of the control diet (P < 0.05), and both types of EDTA reduced soluble iron more than lignin (P < 0.01). Key words: Iron, solubility, in vitro, chelator, ruminant

Food ingredient selection by growing and finishing pigs: effects on performance and carcass quality

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Gill ◽  
G. E. Onibi ◽  
P. R. English
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Eye Muscle

AbstractThe aim was to investigate if selection of a balanced diet by growing and finishing pigs from foods differing in protein content is modified by the intrinsic nutrient and chemical properties of the high protein food ingredient offered. The treatments were as follows: a free-choice was offered between milled barley and either soya-bean meal (SBM) or low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal (RSM) or an equal mixture of SBM and RSM (SBM+RSM). In two further treatments (SBM/RSM and RSM/SBM) the protein supplements were changed when pigs reached 50 kg. These were compared with a control diet (CONT) formulated to provide 13-0 MJ digestible energy (DE) and 10 g lysine per kg and containing barley (680 g/kg), SBM (150 g/kg) and RSM (150 g/kg). A total of 72 pigs weighing about 30 kg were randomly allocated to the treatments in groups of six (three boars and three gilts). Pigs were slaughtered at about 90 kg and the chilled carcasses were assessed by measuring subcutaneous fat depths and cross-sections of the eye-muscle at the last rib. Responses from 30 to 90 kg on treatments CONT, SBM, RSM and SBM+RSM were, for food intake 2·57, 2·37, 2·21 and 247 (s.e. 0·08) kg/day (P < 0·05), for growth rate 0·93, 0·87, 0·70 and 0·82 (s.e. 0·05) kg/day (P < 0·05) and for food conversion 2·77, 2·72, 3·17 and 3·01 (s.e. 0·181) kg food per kg growth (P > 0·05) respectively. The amount of protein supplement selected in the diet from 30 to 90 kg on treatments SBM, RSM and SBM+RSM averaged 524, 495 and 483 (s.e.d. 64·9) g/kg respectively. With SBM this proportion decreased with increasing body weight (P < 0·01; R2 = 0·58). Changing RSM to SBM at 50 kg increased preference for the protein supplement and intake of SBM averaged 983 g/kg from 50 to 90 kg. On the other hand, switching from SBM to RSM increased preference for barley and intake of RSM averaged 572 g/kg. There were no significant differences in carcass quality but treatments RSM and SBM/RSM tended to produce increased fat depths. In conclusion, the use of RSM did not give a satisfactory level of -performance under the restricted free-choice feeding environment of this study. Preference and nutrient intake were adversely modified by RSM possibly due to the undesirable effects of antinutritive factors.

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